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Psychology > Learning Approach > Flashcards

Learning Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Main assumptions of learning approach

A

-tabula rasa (blank slate)
-processes of conditioning
-humans + animas learn in similar ways

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2
Q

2 main mechanisms in which behaviour is learned

A

-Classical conditioning(Pavlov)
-Operant conditioning(Skinner)

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3
Q

Classical conditioning definition

A

=learning through association, learning by a neutral stimulus is associated with and unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

Conditioning definition

A

=a theory that the response to an object or event can be changed by learning

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5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus definition

A

=something we naturally have a response to

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6
Q

Unconditioned response definition

A

=the natural response to a stimulus

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus definition

A

=was a neutral stimulus but now has a conditioned response

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8
Q

Conditioned response definition

A

=previous response to a new stimulus

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9
Q

Classical conditioning - negative

A

-incomplete explanation of learning
-only explains limited behaviours (reflex)
-can’t explain how phobia is maintained over time

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10
Q

Classical conditioning -positive

A
  • can be applied to treatment of phobias (desensitization) which is based on principles of classical conditioning to extinguish an undesired behaviour
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11
Q

Little Albert -negative

A

GENERALISABILITY
-study used 1 child- generalising to other children is problematic
-Watson’s conclusion was based on the assumption Albert was a normal boy
-sample: for a study that was not a case study it’s very rare to only have 1 participant
VALIDITY
-Watson may not be measuring what he claimed to
-Albert may have developed fear of his situation/researchers
ETHICS
-they technically had consent from the mother, she wasn’t fully aware what was going on
-potential trauma to child

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12
Q

Little Albert strength- reliability

A

-the study was filmed
-using the same noise each time
-being clear about the object being tested
-choosing a baby who was not fearful in the 1st place
-backed by animal studies- Pavlov

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13
Q

Operant conditioning definition

A

=the idea that learning occurs through reinforcement or punishment- learning through consequence

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14
Q

Strengths of learning approach

A

-focuses on the present- treats alcoholism, successful for mental health disorders
-findings supported through animal/human studies

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15
Q

Weaknesses of learning approach

A

-emphasis on nurture, nature is ignored + genetics not considered
-determinist approach, doesn’t account free will- people are controlled by external factors only
-more relevant to animals than humans, roots are in animal experiments humans may not act the same way

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16
Q

Strengths of operant conditioning

A

-scientific approach, evidence of success through lab findings
-successfully been applied to real life, supports teaching (token economy)

17
Q

Weaknesses of operant conditioning

A

-lacks generalisability, can’t establish how humans learn through animal studies (higher cognitive abilities)
-ethics, rats were deliberately underfed and shocked- no consent

18
Q

Social learning theory definition

A

=suggests that social behaviours are learned through the observation and imitation of other peoples actions

19
Q

Imitation definition

A

=copying the behaviour of others, through identification

20
Q

Modelling definition

A

=a process in which a person learns by observing and imitating another person

21
Q

Observation definition

A

=actively attending to and watching the behaviour of others, requires remembering

22
Q

Vicarious learning definition

A

=learner needs to be motivated to imitate behaviour, based on positive consequences, seeing another person’s actions being reinforced (learning from the experience of others)

23
Q

What makes imitation more likely?

A

-seeing the observed behaviour being rewarded
-identifying with the role model
-having the confidence to reproduce the behaviour

24
Q

Bandura (1961) bobo doll study aim

A

to investigate observational learning of aggression in children as well as to investigate gender differences when examining if behaviour would be imitated

25
Q

Bandura (1961) bobo doll study conclusion

A

aggression in social behaviour can be imitated by children as they observe
-imitation is more likely when the model is the same sex as the observer, which supports the role of identification

26
Q

Strength of social learning theory

A

-support for SLT comes from both animal + human studies,
-emphasises the importance of environment
-gives an adequate explanation as to how behaviours such as aggression are learnt

27
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association of two stimuli with each other

28
Q

What happens before conditioning?

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS e.g. food) produces unconditioned response (UCR e.g. salvation), other stimuli are neutral (NS)

29
Q

What happens during conditioning?

A

UCS + NS (e.g. bell) repeatedly paired, associate UCS + NS

30
Q

What happens after conditioning?

A

NS now a conditioned stimulus (CS) produces response (CR) on its own, becoming CS

31
Q

Evaluate classical conditioning.

A

Practical applications - Electric shock (UCS) given when reading gambling phrases (NS) producing discomfort (CR)
Research support - Little Albert conditioned to fear white rats (Watson and Rayner 1920)
Limited explanation of learning - Can’t explain complex learning e.g. phobias not maintained overtime through CC

32
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Increases probability of behavior repeating
Positive - pleasant consequence
Negative - remove unpleasant stimulus

33
Q

What is punishment?

A

Reduces probability of behaviour repeating
Positive - unpleasant consequence
Negative - remove pleasant consequence

34
Q

What is motivation?

A

Driven by rewards through operant conditioning
Extrinsic rewards - from environment (other people)
Intrinsic rewards - from yourself (e.g. interest, challenge) (drive to do something)

35
Q

Evaluate operant conditioning.

A

Practical application - In education, extrinsic rewards for good work, intrinsic rewards encouraged to raise self-esteem
Research support - Animal and human lab studies show OC, also brain basis of reinforcement (Chase et al 2015)
Incomplete explanation of learning - Explains how phobias are maintained over time but not how acquired in first place

36
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Indirect learning: observation, vicarious learning and imitation (e.g. bobo doll study)

37
Q

What is learning through observation?

A

Observer watches models behavior, retains in memory

38
Q

Weakness of social learning theory

A

Alternative explanation - Phobia occurrence greater in identical twins that non-identical twins (Kendler et al 2001), SLT cannot explain role of genetics

Psychology (7 decks)

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