Cognitive approach Flashcards
What are the three memory stores?
Duration, Capacity and Encoding
How is capacity included in the three memory stores?
SM = very high
STM = 7 plus/ minus 2 items
LTM = unlimited
How is duration included in the three memory stores?
SM = very brief
STM = up to 30 seconds
LTM = up to a lifetime
How is encoding included in the three memory stores?
SM = sense-dependent
STM = acoustic
LTM = semantic
What is the practical application evaluation of the memory stores?
Increase STM capacity through chunking (e.g. registration plates, postcodes and phone numbers)
What is the research support evaluation of the memory stores?
STM duration (Peterson & Peterson 1959)
LTM duration (Bahrick et al 1975)
What is the issues with research evaluation of the memory stores?
Research uses artificial materials, unlike in everyday life (P&P)
What is reconstructive memory?
Memories reconstructed from fragments into meaningful whole
What are the three aspects of remembering?
Recall, recognition and cues
What is recall and what are the divides within it?
Retrieved from memory
Free recall - with no ‘help/ assistance’
Cued recall - with help from a cue
What is recognition?
Remembering something when we’ve encountered it before (e.g. multiple choice)
Remembering something when we’ve encountered it before (e.g. multiple choice)
Triggers to assist memory, meaningful (STM) or meaningless (context)
What is a practical application evaluation of remembering?
Mnemonics are based on cues (e.g. BIDMAS triggers recall of math’s operations in LTM)
What is research support evaluation for remembering?
Category heading supported as cues improved memory (Tulving and Pearlstone 1966)
What is a weakness evaluation of remembering?
Cues are not always useful, context cues (e.g. exam rooms) not as powerful as meaningful cues
What is the role of schema in reconstructive memory and what are the individual sections of schema?
Mental package of knowledge
Shortening - parts of the memory cut to fit schema
Rationalisation - details distorted to fit schema
Confabulation - details made up to fill gaps
What is a practical application evaluation of reconstructive memory?
Eyewitnesses are not always accurate, due to schema
What is research support evaluation of reconstructive memory?
War of ghosts story changed in line with schema (Bartlett 1932
What is a weakness evaluation of reconstructive memory?
Some memories are accurate
Personally important or distinctive details are remembered
What is cognitive priming?
Experience of one stimulus (prime) affects response to later stimulus (process is faster)
What are the three types of cognitive priming?
Repetition, associative and semantic
What is repetition in cognitive priming?
Later stimulus identical to prime
What is semantic in cognitive priming?
Later stimulus related in meaning to prime
What is associative in cognitive priming?
Later stimulus associated with prime but not in meaning
What is a practical application evaluation in cognitive priming?
Prevent priming influence of TV snack adverts, promote healthy eating and prevent obesity
What is a research support evaluation of cognitive priming?
Playing violent video games, easier recall of aggressive scripts (Moller & Krache 2009)
What is a weakness evaluation of cognitive priming?
Lack of replication
Repeating priming studies gives different findings, unscientific concept
Lack of replication
Repeating priming studies gives different findings, unscientific concept
Knowledge of how social situations ‘play out’ (restaurant)
What are the features of memory scripts?
E.g. sense ordered by time, evolve with experience, influence memory
What is person perception?
How we categorise individuals into ‘types’
How does person perception work?
Gaps in knowledge of someone filled in from memory, even if wrong (e.g. stereotypes, biases)
What is a practical application evaluation of memory scripts?
Be more accurate by taking time to judge, resist stereotyping
What is a research support evaluation of memory scripts?
We recall events in the correct order when consistent with script in memory (Bower et al 1979)
What is a weakness evaluation of memory scripts?
Cannot explain all behaviour
Other reasons for behaving in script-consistent ways (e.g. imitation of others)
What are cognitive biases?
Errors in information processing, undermine decision-making but speed it up
What is FAE and what does it stand for?
Fundamental attribution error
Explaining other peoples behaviour due to personality not situation
What is confirmation bias?
We notice, study and recall information that confirms existing beliefs
What is HAB and what does it stand for?
Hostile attribution bias (HAB)
Neutral behaviour seen as threatening, aggressive response
What is a practical application evaluation of cognitive biases?
Overcome confirmation bias by seeking out contradictory information (critical thinking), helps reduce conflict
What is a research support evaluation of cognitive biases?
People with HAB behave aggressively, increases HAB further (Tuente et al 2019)
What is a weakness evaluation of cognitive biases?
FAE is not universal
Mostly individualist cultures (e.g. USA), not so much collectivist (e.g. China)
