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Cognitive approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three memory stores?

A

Duration, Capacity and Encoding

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2
Q

How is capacity included in the three memory stores?

A

SM = very high
STM = 7 plus/ minus 2 items
LTM = unlimited

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3
Q

How is duration included in the three memory stores?

A

SM = very brief
STM = up to 30 seconds
LTM = up to a lifetime

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4
Q

How is encoding included in the three memory stores?

A

SM = sense-dependent
STM = acoustic
LTM = semantic

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5
Q

What is the practical application evaluation of the memory stores?

A

Increase STM capacity through chunking (e.g. registration plates, postcodes and phone numbers)

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6
Q

What is the research support evaluation of the memory stores?

A

STM duration (Peterson & Peterson 1959)
LTM duration (Bahrick et al 1975)

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7
Q

What is the issues with research evaluation of the memory stores?

A

Research uses artificial materials, unlike in everyday life (P&P)

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8
Q

What is reconstructive memory?

A

Memories reconstructed from fragments into meaningful whole

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9
Q

What are the three aspects of remembering?

A

Recall, recognition and cues

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10
Q

What is recall and what are the divides within it?

A

Retrieved from memory
Free recall - with no ‘help/ assistance’
Cued recall - with help from a cue

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11
Q

What is recognition?

A

Remembering something when we’ve encountered it before (e.g. multiple choice)

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12
Q

Remembering something when we’ve encountered it before (e.g. multiple choice)

A

Triggers to assist memory, meaningful (STM) or meaningless (context)

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13
Q

What is a practical application evaluation of remembering?

A

Mnemonics are based on cues (e.g. BIDMAS triggers recall of math’s operations in LTM)

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14
Q

What is research support evaluation for remembering?

A

Category heading supported as cues improved memory (Tulving and Pearlstone 1966)

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15
Q

What is a weakness evaluation of remembering?

A

Cues are not always useful, context cues (e.g. exam rooms) not as powerful as meaningful cues

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16
Q

What is the role of schema in reconstructive memory and what are the individual sections of schema?

A

Mental package of knowledge
Shortening - parts of the memory cut to fit schema
Rationalisation - details distorted to fit schema
Confabulation - details made up to fill gaps

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17
Q

What is a practical application evaluation of reconstructive memory?

A

Eyewitnesses are not always accurate, due to schema

18
Q

What is research support evaluation of reconstructive memory?

A

War of ghosts story changed in line with schema (Bartlett 1932

19
Q

What is a weakness evaluation of reconstructive memory?

A

Some memories are accurate
Personally important or distinctive details are remembered

20
Q

What is cognitive priming?

A

Experience of one stimulus (prime) affects response to later stimulus (process is faster)

21
Q

What are the three types of cognitive priming?

A

Repetition, associative and semantic

22
Q

What is repetition in cognitive priming?

A

Later stimulus identical to prime

23
Q

What is semantic in cognitive priming?

A

Later stimulus related in meaning to prime

24
Q

What is associative in cognitive priming?

A

Later stimulus associated with prime but not in meaning

25
Q

What is a practical application evaluation in cognitive priming?

A

Prevent priming influence of TV snack adverts, promote healthy eating and prevent obesity

26
Q

What is a research support evaluation of cognitive priming?

A

Playing violent video games, easier recall of aggressive scripts (Moller & Krache 2009)

27
Q

What is a weakness evaluation of cognitive priming?

A

Lack of replication
Repeating priming studies gives different findings, unscientific concept

28
Q

Lack of replication
Repeating priming studies gives different findings, unscientific concept

A

Knowledge of how social situations ‘play out’ (restaurant)

29
Q

What are the features of memory scripts?

A

E.g. sense ordered by time, evolve with experience, influence memory

30
Q

What is person perception?

A

How we categorise individuals into ‘types’

31
Q

How does person perception work?

A

Gaps in knowledge of someone filled in from memory, even if wrong (e.g. stereotypes, biases)

32
Q

What is a practical application evaluation of memory scripts?

A

Be more accurate by taking time to judge, resist stereotyping

33
Q

What is a research support evaluation of memory scripts?

A

We recall events in the correct order when consistent with script in memory (Bower et al 1979)

34
Q

What is a weakness evaluation of memory scripts?

A

Cannot explain all behaviour
Other reasons for behaving in script-consistent ways (e.g. imitation of others)

35
Q

What are cognitive biases?

A

Errors in information processing, undermine decision-making but speed it up

36
Q

What is FAE and what does it stand for?

A

Fundamental attribution error
Explaining other peoples behaviour due to personality not situation

37
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

We notice, study and recall information that confirms existing beliefs

38
Q

What is HAB and what does it stand for?

A

Hostile attribution bias (HAB)
Neutral behaviour seen as threatening, aggressive response

39
Q

What is a practical application evaluation of cognitive biases?

A

Overcome confirmation bias by seeking out contradictory information (critical thinking), helps reduce conflict

40
Q

What is a research support evaluation of cognitive biases?

A

People with HAB behave aggressively, increases HAB further (Tuente et al 2019)

41
Q

What is a weakness evaluation of cognitive biases?

A

FAE is not universal
Mostly individualist cultures (e.g. USA), not so much collectivist (e.g. China)

Psychology (7 decks)

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