Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms were use to study the principles of learning and memory?

(Hint: There are three)

A

Aplysia

Dogs

Or

Human patients

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2
Q

For Apylisa learning behaviors, what reflex is used as a model for learning behaviors?

A

Gill withdrawal reflex

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3
Q

What are the two stimuli that would cause the aplysia to have the withdrawal gill response?

A

(1) touch on the mantle or siphon

OR

(2) a strong or noxious (harmful) shock to the head or tail

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4
Q

What are examples of simple learning?

(Hint: There are three)

A

Habituation

Sensitization

Dishabituaution

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5
Q

What is habituation?

A

The cessation (brought to an end) of a response to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus

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6
Q

True or False: Habituation is among the simplest of all forms of learning.

After repeated touches to the siphon or mantle, Aplysia “learns” to no longer withdraws gill.

A

True

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7
Q

Cellular mechanism of habituation

After the repeated firing of A.P. in sensory neuron

____________ channels in the terminal (activates/deactivates)

Transmitter vesicles at the terminal are _____________

A

V.G. Ca2+

deactivates

depleted

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8
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in the strength of any reflex, caused by one or more strong stimuli other than the stimulus that usually evoke the reflex.

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9
Q

What is dishabituation?

A

The full recovery of the original strength of a habituated response after the presentation of some strong, novel stimulus

Occurs after habituation

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10
Q

Cellular mechanisms of sensitization and dishabituation

___________ is released by the facilitating interneuron onto the terminal of siphon sensory neuron.

A _______ is activated

which activates ___________

increase _______ levels

activates ____

phosphorylates V.G. K+ channels and close them

The A.P. therefore stay longer and result in larger gill response.

A

Serotonin

G Protein

adenylyl cyclase

cAMP

PKA

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11
Q

What is the most studied type of complex learning?

A

Associative learning

Or

Conditioning

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12
Q

What model can be used for observation of conditioning?

A

Invertebrates

and

Vertebrates

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13
Q

Who was the first person to study conditioning with a dog?

Hint: Experiment: He conditioned a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.

A

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist in the early 20th century.

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14
Q

True or False: Aplysia can learn to associate a non-noxious stimulus (a slight touch to the siphon) with a noxious stimulus (a stong poke or shock to the head)

A

True

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15
Q

Before conditioning the animal (will/will not) exhibit the gill withdrawal reflex (GWR) in response to the light touch to the siphon.

After conditioning, it (will/will not) exhibit GWR to a light touch.

A

Will not

Will

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16
Q

In the example of Aplysia, what is an unconditional stimulus?

A

Poke in the head

response does not require training

17
Q

In the example of Aplysia, what is a conditional stimulus?

A

A light touch to the siphon

response requires training

18
Q

True or False: Aplysia is repeatedly touched lightly (CS) on the siphon, later bonked on the head (US). (Bonked a minute later)

This is associative learning.

A

False

CS and US need to be paired for associative learning

US alone cause sensitization

19
Q

Associate learning is similar to _____________.

Hint: Think back to Synaptic Transmission, Lec. 10

A

Associate LTP

20
Q

Cellular mechanism of Associative learning

Light touch (CS) alone (does/doesn’t) cause conditioning

Cause a (few/large) A.P in siphon sensory nerve

causing a relatively (small/large) Ca2+ influx into terminal

which will cause a (small/large) amount of transmitter releases which (does/doesn’t) cause a response in the motor neuron

Also, Ca2+ slightly elevates ______lvels in the siphon sensory neuron terminal by activating ___________ which turns on _____________.

However, the effect on _______ is too small to cause significant phosphorylation of ____ channels

A

doesn’t

few

small

small

doesn’t

cAMP

calmodulin

adenylyl cyclase

cAMP

K+

21
Q

Noxious stimulation alone (does/does not) condition, but sensitize

Two things happen

__________ of the direct pathways cause gill withdrawal

___________ of facilitating interneuron’s _______ pathways cause sensitization

A

does not

Activation

Activation

G protein

22
Q

True or False: Mantle sensory neuron pathway is also sensitized

23
Q

Combining siphon light touch (CS) with noxious head stimulation (US) results in ____________________.

A

Associative learning

24
Q

Associate learning happens in aplysia due to

____________is activated by __________ from siphon touch and the activated more by the ________pathways from the head bonk.

_______ phosphorylate many ______ channels (thus close them) chasing a big increase in the strength of the GWR in response to the light touch of the siphon

______ also causes permanent changes through _________________________________.

A

Adenylyl cyclase

calmodulin

G protein

cAMP

V.G. K+

cAMP

cAMP-regulated gene transcription strengthening the synapses

25
Associative learning in human Conditioning has been linked to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Again: Think back to the Synaptic Transmission Lecture
Long Term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus
26
True or False: The hippocampus is involved in certain types of learning and memory The first best-studied case of the effects was the vase of a patient called H.M.
True
27
Where is the hippocampus located?
Temporal lobe
28
After H.M. surgery, he had a very specific memory deficit Good (short-/long-) term memory, over seconds or minutes Good (short-/long-) term memory for events before the surgery Lacked the ability to ______ new short term memory to long term memory
short-term long-term transfer
29
True or False: The hippocampus is where memories are made and stores.
False Instead, the hippocampus appears to be involved in memory consolidation (the action of making memories stronger)
30
Associate learning invertebrates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a form of cellular learning occuring in the hippocampus.
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
31
True or False: Mice are genetically engineered to have elements of the cellular mechanism of LTP
False: Mice are genetically engineered to **lack** elements of the cellular mechanisms of LTP show learning and memory deficits.
32
Like in sensitization, dishabituation or associative learning in Aplysia, Synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_follwoing a strong stimulus. However, the _____________ of LTP are different from those in Aplysia. shown on the last slide
enhanced cellular mechanisms
33
What is the cellular mechanism of LTP for weak stimulus?
Look at the image
34
What is the cellular mechanism of LTP when there is a stong receptive stimuli?
Look at the image