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NPB 110B Midterm #3 (Final) > Development I > Flashcards

Development I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major subdivisions of the vertebrate brain structure?

A

Forebrain

including Telencephalon or cerebral cortex and diencephalon including the thalamus and hypothalamus

Midbrain

includes superior colliculus inferior colliculus

Hindbrain

include the cerebellum, the pons, the medulla

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2
Q

What is the seven major processes of the development of the nervous system?

A

(1) Cell proliferation
(2) Cell migration
(3) Cell death
(4) Differentiation
(5) Axon Guidance (Axon outgrowth and pathfinding)
(6) Synapse formation
(7) Developmental plasticity

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3
Q

Cell proliferation

The single fertilized egg cell needs to _____________cycle of cell division in order to give rise to the adult nervous system.

A

undergo many

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4
Q

Cell migration

True or False: Cells are often not born at the location they need to be in the adult nervous system.

Therefore they have to move around during development.

A

True

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5
Q

Cell death

Depending on the species of the animal between 10% and 50% of cells which are born during the development of the nervous system _______ before the animal is mature.

This play an important role in ____________ and ________________ which prevent cell death are lethal to the animal.

A

will die

development and mutations

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6
Q

Differentiation

Precourse cells early in development are _____________.

Precursor cells produced final __________cell types which have specific

_______________

______________

______________

features

A

undifferentiated

differentiated

anatomical

physiological

biochemical

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7
Q

Axons Guidance

True or False: Neurons need to make proper connections with other neurons or target tissues.

A

True

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8
Q

After the axons reach their target, they must form ______ to allow communication with the target cell.

A

Synapses

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9
Q

Developmental plasticity

After synapse form, connection can be selectively _____________ or ______________ to ensure that the proper information will be carried by the pathways.

A

strengthened or eliminated

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10
Q

What are some ways to study neuronal development?

A

Cell Lineage Studies

Cell Fate Determination -Cell Autonomy Studies

Using model organisms

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11
Q

What is the purpose of cell lineage studies?

A

Designed to follow single cells and their progeny throughout development in order to determine which specific precursor cells in a young embryo give rise which fully differentiated cells in the adults.

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12
Q

What do we know about cells due to cell lineage studies?

A

We know about cell proliferation

migration

death

differentiation

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13
Q

What is one of the major principles learned through cell lineage studies?

A

Most precursor cells in the young embryo are multipotent (give rise to more than one differentiated cell type)

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14
Q

What are the two techniques for cell lineage studies?

A

Sing cell labeling

Genetic markers

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15
Q

For single-cell labeling (early days)

Label a single cell in an early embryo with a marker substance such as _______________.

Allow the embryo to continue developing normally and then we look for labeled cells

Any cell containing the label must be ______________________ cell.

The problem is that every time cells divided ____________________.

A

fluorescent dye

descended from the original labeled cells

they dilute the marker substance

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16
Q

For genetic marker –> modern lineage studies are often performed by adding a ______________ to a precuroiser cell.

The marker which is inserted into the __________ will be replicated with the cell’s own genetic material every time the cell divide and thus the marker (will/will not) be diluted

A

genetic marker

genome of the cell

will not

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17
Q

What is the purpose of cell autonomy studies?

A

Show us whether the cell fate is either

(1) environmentally determined

or (2) genetically determined’

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18
Q

What are other terminology for

environmentally determined

or

Genetically determined?

A

Environmentally

indeterminate

inductive

cell non-autonomous

Genetically determined

Determinate

cell autonomous

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19
Q

True or False: The cell lineage studies show us the final fates of the progeny of a particular precursor cell.

However, cell lineage studies cannot tell us whether the fate of cells in a particular lineage was wither genetically determined or environmentally determined.

A

True

20
Q

Experiments altering a cell’s environment during development

Cell culture experiments

By growing a dissociated cell in cell culture, it is theoretically possible to remove all ____________ and then watch to see what the ______________.

A

environmental cues

cell and its progeny differentiate into

21
Q

Ablation experiments

Neighboring cells can be _________ from a system to subtly change a cell’s environment.

These experiments can remove only cues which come from the neighboring cells ______________________________.

If a cell’s fate were changed by _________ of neighboring cells: we can conclude that

________________________________________.

A

removed

while leaving the rest of the cell’s environment the same

ablation (surgical removal of body tissues)

The cell’s fate is determined by the environmental cues from the ablated neighboring cells.

22
Q

Transplantation experiments

What is the purpose of this experiment?

A

A cell or small group of cells can be removed from one embryo and transplanted into another embryo.

23
Q

If cell differentiates due to environmental factors, this cell’s fate will be the same as the fate of cells in the recipient (host) embryos

Are the cells non-autonomous (environmentally determined) or autonomous (genetically determined)?

A

Cells are non-autonomous –> inductive

24
Q

If cell differentiates due to genetic factors, this cell’s fate will be same as donor cell fate

Will the cells be non-autonomous or autonomous?

A

Cell-autonomous

25
Q

For example, if you transplant cells from the head of a caterpillar to the tail and end up with a

A normal adult butterfly –> head cell fate is _____________________

A

Environmentally determined (inductive)

26
Q

If we transplant a head to the tail and end up with a two-headed butterfly then the cells fate is __________________.

A

Genetically determined

27
Q

What are the two types of transplants that are often done?

A

(1) Heterotropic transplants

remove the cell from one part of the donor embryo and transplant it into a different place in the recipient embryo.

(2) Heterochronic transplants

which is transplant from one age of donor embryo into the same location in a younger or older host embryo

28
Q

What are isolating mutations?

A

Experiments that altering a cell’s genetics during development

Mutation in a single gene can have profound effects on development.

29
Q

Generating transgenic and conditional knockout animals

In a mutant animals, both the _______ and its ___________ are changed.

To get around this problem –> animals can be created using ________________

which can have a gene turned off not in the whole animal as in a conventional mutant but only in a particular group of cells at a particular time during development.

A

cell’s genetics

cell’s environment

molecular biology techniques

30
Q

True or False: Simple organism tend to rely on cell-autonomous (cell genetic mechanism of development)

A

True

31
Q

C. elegans has a total of ___________

____ of these cells are neurons.

There are ________ protein-coding genes in C. Elegans

A

1030

302

20,000

32
Q

In humans, it is estimated there are only _____________ to __________ protein coding genes in human

there are ________ neurons in our nervous system

Hint: the stars in the galaxy

A

30,000 to 40,000

100 billion neurons like 100 billion stars in the milky way

33
Q

Cell lineage studies in C. elegans have shown that ____________________________________.

A

many of the development of this organism does occur thru genetic cell-autonomous process.

34
Q

_________________ and ______________ studies have shown that changing a cell;s enivonemnt during development generally do not affect the cell fate

A

Transplantation

Ablation

35
Q

What are the other three model organisms?

A

Zebrafish

Its embryo is transparent, allowing direct observation of cells, and its development is fast

Xenopus and Chick –> Their embyro are easily accessible, allowing direct cell lineage or cell autonomy studies

Mouse –> a model that is close to us

36
Q

What are more complex, meaning having more neurons, than C.elgans?

(Hint: Bio 402 Lab)

A

Drosophila

Fruit Fly

37
Q

True or False: Drosophila, still takes advantage of genetic mechanisms for much of its development.

A

True

38
Q

What is the first event in the development of the Drosophila embryo?

Maternal effect Genes –> Genetic mechanisms

A

Setting up the dorsal-ventral and the anterior-posterior axes of the animal

39
Q

True or False: The maternal-effect genes are evenly distributed in the egg.

A

False, unevenly distributed in the egg

For example, bicoid mRNA is concentrated at the anterior end of the egg

while

oskar mRNA is at the posterior end

40
Q

(Oskar/bicoid) regulates the development of abdomen structures, while (oskar/bicoid) development of head structure

A

Oskar

bicoid

41
Q

What occur to embryos who lack the bicoid gene>

A

The embryos will have no head or thorax.

42
Q

How can you add a head or thorax in a lacking bicoid gene embryo?

A

Inject bicoid mRNA in the egg.

43
Q

What are the two genes that control the development of body segments?

A

Segmentation genes

Homeotic selector genes (Hox Genes)

44
Q

What do segmentation genes control?

A

They control the formation of the segments themselves.

45
Q

What do Hox genes control?

A

Control the fate of particular segments.

Flies with a mutation in the Hox genes tend to have structures inappropriate to a given segment

46
Q

For environment determined

What are the two mutants that are lacking in the #7 photoreceptor in the ommatidia?

A

Sevenless (sev) –> receptor

and

bride of sevenless (boss) –> ligand molecule

47
Q

How the ommatidia develop in normal?

A

Check the image

NPB 110B Midterm #3 (Final) (9 decks)

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