Development I Flashcards
What are the three major subdivisions of the vertebrate brain structure?
Forebrain
including Telencephalon or cerebral cortex and diencephalon including the thalamus and hypothalamus
Midbrain
includes superior colliculus inferior colliculus
Hindbrain
include the cerebellum, the pons, the medulla
What is the seven major processes of the development of the nervous system?
(1) Cell proliferation
(2) Cell migration
(3) Cell death
(4) Differentiation
(5) Axon Guidance (Axon outgrowth and pathfinding)
(6) Synapse formation
(7) Developmental plasticity
Cell proliferation
The single fertilized egg cell needs to _____________cycle of cell division in order to give rise to the adult nervous system.
undergo many
Cell migration
True or False: Cells are often not born at the location they need to be in the adult nervous system.
Therefore they have to move around during development.
True
Cell death
Depending on the species of the animal between 10% and 50% of cells which are born during the development of the nervous system _______ before the animal is mature.
This play an important role in ____________ and ________________ which prevent cell death are lethal to the animal.
will die
development and mutations
Differentiation
Precourse cells early in development are _____________.
Precursor cells produced final __________cell types which have specific
_______________
______________
______________
features
undifferentiated
differentiated
anatomical
physiological
biochemical
Axons Guidance
True or False: Neurons need to make proper connections with other neurons or target tissues.
True
After the axons reach their target, they must form ______ to allow communication with the target cell.
Synapses
Developmental plasticity
After synapse form, connection can be selectively _____________ or ______________ to ensure that the proper information will be carried by the pathways.
strengthened or eliminated
What are some ways to study neuronal development?
Cell Lineage Studies
Cell Fate Determination -Cell Autonomy Studies
Using model organisms
What is the purpose of cell lineage studies?
Designed to follow single cells and their progeny throughout development in order to determine which specific precursor cells in a young embryo give rise which fully differentiated cells in the adults.
What do we know about cells due to cell lineage studies?
We know about cell proliferation
migration
death
differentiation
What is one of the major principles learned through cell lineage studies?
Most precursor cells in the young embryo are multipotent (give rise to more than one differentiated cell type)
What are the two techniques for cell lineage studies?
Sing cell labeling
Genetic markers
For single-cell labeling (early days)
Label a single cell in an early embryo with a marker substance such as _______________.
Allow the embryo to continue developing normally and then we look for labeled cells
Any cell containing the label must be ______________________ cell.
The problem is that every time cells divided ____________________.
fluorescent dye
descended from the original labeled cells
they dilute the marker substance
For genetic marker –> modern lineage studies are often performed by adding a ______________ to a precuroiser cell.
The marker which is inserted into the __________ will be replicated with the cell’s own genetic material every time the cell divide and thus the marker (will/will not) be diluted
genetic marker
genome of the cell
will not
What is the purpose of cell autonomy studies?
Show us whether the cell fate is either
(1) environmentally determined
or (2) genetically determined’
What are other terminology for
environmentally determined
or
Genetically determined?
Environmentally
indeterminate
inductive
cell non-autonomous
Genetically determined
Determinate
cell autonomous
True or False: The cell lineage studies show us the final fates of the progeny of a particular precursor cell.
However, cell lineage studies cannot tell us whether the fate of cells in a particular lineage was wither genetically determined or environmentally determined.
True
Experiments altering a cell’s environment during development
Cell culture experiments
By growing a dissociated cell in cell culture, it is theoretically possible to remove all ____________ and then watch to see what the ______________.
environmental cues
cell and its progeny differentiate into
Ablation experiments
Neighboring cells can be _________ from a system to subtly change a cell’s environment.
These experiments can remove only cues which come from the neighboring cells ______________________________.
If a cell’s fate were changed by _________ of neighboring cells: we can conclude that
________________________________________.
removed
while leaving the rest of the cell’s environment the same
ablation (surgical removal of body tissues)
The cell’s fate is determined by the environmental cues from the ablated neighboring cells.
Transplantation experiments
What is the purpose of this experiment?
A cell or small group of cells can be removed from one embryo and transplanted into another embryo.
If cell differentiates due to environmental factors, this cell’s fate will be the same as the fate of cells in the recipient (host) embryos
Are the cells non-autonomous (environmentally determined) or autonomous (genetically determined)?
Cells are non-autonomous –> inductive
If cell differentiates due to genetic factors, this cell’s fate will be same as donor cell fate
Will the cells be non-autonomous or autonomous?
Cell-autonomous
