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NPB 110B Midterm #3 (Final) > Development II > Flashcards

Development II Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: All vertebrates undergo the same basic process in early development.

A

True

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2
Q

Which eggs has a body axis set up (polarized) prior to egg fertilization by the vertebrate equivalent of the fly’s maternal effect genes?

A

Xenopus

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3
Q

What is the pole that produces the ectoderm (precursor of the skin and the N.S)?

A

Animal Pole

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4
Q

What is the pole that produces the endoderm (precursor of the gut)?

A

Vegetal pole

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5
Q

Cells in between the animal and vegetal poles generate the _______________ –> a precursor of muscles and bones.

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

The ____________ of egg creates the second body axis with ventral structures forming at the side of the egg where the sperm entered.

A

fertilization

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7
Q

During ________, the embryonic cells start to reorganize (cells begins to move)

A

Gastrulation

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8
Q

Where do the cells from the animal pole move down to?

A

A structure called a dorsal lip or organizer

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9
Q

At the dorsal lip –> cells leave the ectoderm and migrate into the interior of the embryo to form the _________ –> precursor to muscles.

A

mesoderm

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10
Q

The ______________- have the ability to change the fates of the cells around them by inducing (environmentally determined) some ectodermal to become mesoderm.

A

dorsal lip organizer cells

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11
Q

If you transplant ectoderm cells from a portion of donor embryo that is destined to the animal’s head region and put them into a host embryo’s tail region _______________.

A

these donor cells will become the normal tail structures

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12
Q

Who performed a classical experiment, transplanted dorsal lip induces a new embryo, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1935?

A

Hans Spemann

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13
Q

After the axis is formed what occurs next?

A

Neural Induction

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14
Q

What is the primary process of that development of the nervous system in vertebrates?

A

Inductive (environmentally influenced) process

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15
Q

After the induction of the mesoderm by the organizer, the structures in the mesoderm partially the ___________–> induce the formation of the neural plate in the ectoderm.

A

Notochord

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16
Q

True or False: The neural plate then protrudes upward forming the neuronal folds and the neural crest.

A

True

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17
Q

What would the neural form when they eventually fuse?

A

Form the neural tube

The precursor to the brain and the spinal cord

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18
Q

The ________________ are the percuroser to the peripheral nervous system and several other cell types.

A

neural crest cells

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19
Q

The regional specific neuronal identity is determined by a process called

A

Pattern formation

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20
Q

The general scheme for regional specification throughout the vertebrate nervous system is that the responses of Pluripotent precursors are first recruited according to its __________________.

A

anteroposterior position

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21
Q

Cell phenotype is then further restricted according to _________________.

A

Dorsoventral position

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22
Q

The anteroposterior and dorsoventral specification is determined by ___________________.

A

gradient of regulatory genes

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23
Q

What is one remarkable finding in developmental biology?

A

Homologous genes specifying segmentation in the embryos of Drosophila are conserved in vertebrates and often serve a similar function.

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24
Q

True or False: The vertebrate embryonic hindbrain has a segmented structure.

A

True

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25
Q

What kind of genes regulate the segmentation in the fly to determine the fate of cells vertebrate rhombomeres in a segmental specific way?

A

Homologous genes (Hox Genes)

26
Q

Notochord not only induces the formation of the neural plate but also influence ___________________ after the neural tube forms.

A

cell fates in the developing nervous system

27
Q

What molecular signals from the notochord cause the differentiation of a special group of cells in the ventral spinal cord called floor plate cells?

A

Sonic hedgehog gene

28
Q

The floor plate cells then releases signals causing ______________ near the floor plate to differentiate into ____________.

A

neuronal precursors near the floor plate to differentiate into motor neurons.

29
Q

If we draft a donor notochord (N) into a host embryo ____________________.

A

a new floor (F) plate and motor neurons will form

30
Q

The peripheral nervous system neurons are derivates of _________________.

A

Neural crest cells

31
Q

True or False: The multipotent precursor cells from the neural crest differentiate into several different cell types depending on which pathways they migrate along in the developing embryo.

A

True

32
Q

For the PNS, Cells which migrate ventrally become sensory neurons in the _______________, cells which migrate _______ the nearly tube become neurons in the ______________.

A

dorsal root ganglion

beyond

sympathetic ganglia

33
Q

Sympathetic ganglia cells which migrate below the notochord become chromaffin cells in the _________________ and other neurons and cell migrate directly beneath the ectoderm becomes ___________ in skin.

A

adrenal medulla

melanocytes

34
Q

True or False: These different cell fates for the different progeny of neural crest cells are not genetically pre-determined.

A

True

35
Q

The cell’s fates are altered by the environment they migrate through __________________.

A

Inductive mechanisms

36
Q

Some of the specific cues that migrate neural crest cells respond to the environment are _______________.

A

Growth factors

37
Q

What is the dissociated cell culture experiment used for?

A

It can be used to determine these factors.

38
Q

For central nervous system, the future central nervous system develops from __________________.

A

wall of the neural tube

39
Q

True or False: The nuclei of the cells in the primitive neural tube move back and forth during cell cycle.

A

True

40
Q

When cells become post __________ they migrate way from the __________ zone and from the maztle zone. Their process make up the __________ zone.

A

Mitotic

ventricular

marginal

41
Q

Neurons in the future brain later migrate into the ___________zone to form a _____________ plate.

A

marginal

cortical

42
Q

The migration of the neurons is dependent on ______________.

A

Redial glial cells

43
Q

What do redial glial cells create?

A

Create the road where new neurons can move along.

L

44
Q

Later born neurons migrate pass earlier born neurons creating an ________ growth pattern

A

inside out

45
Q

What was injected during the embryonic development to show the inside out pattern?

A

Hythumide

46
Q

After neurons have differentiated, they start sending out ______ and _______ to make connections.

A

axons

dendrites

47
Q

The tip of the growing axon or dendrite is called _____________ .

_______________ extend and retract lamellipodia and flilopdia, as if sampling substrate everywhere.

A

Growth Cone

48
Q

True or False: Filopadia adheres to an appropriate substrate and pull the growth cone in their direction.

A

True

49
Q

The dynamic of growth cone are mediated by two process

(i) ____________________

and

(ii) ____________________________

A

polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments

mysoin-mediated movement of actin filaments on microtubules

50
Q

Growth cone assembles macromolecular adhesion complexes to _______ extracellular protein to actin filaments.

A

Link

51
Q

The adhesion receptors linked to _____________ through _______________.

A

actin filaments through adhesion complexes

52
Q

These adhesion receptors traveling within ____________ along ______________ may regulate axon outgrowth.

A

recycling endosome

microtubules

53
Q

In addition, _____________ can direct the extension of growth cone.

A

Axon guidance receptors

54
Q

If the filopodium contacts an attractive substrate in the environment, actin filaments are _______________ by attachment to the substrate. Actin polymerization cause protrusive growth of growth cone.

A

immobilized

55
Q

On the other hand, if a ______________ contracts a repulsive substrate there is a rapid and complete collapse of the ____________ caused by actin depolymerization.

A

filopodium

56
Q

What cues in the environment do the filopodia react to?

A

The molecules in the environment that determine how favorable the substrate are cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix adhesion molecules. These molecules are environment permissive cues.

57
Q

Cell adhesion molecules is expressed on the ____________-of the flipodium.

Also, they are ____________ or ___________________

A

Membrane

Transmembrane or membrane-associated glycoproteins

58
Q

What are the three families of the cell adhesion molecules?

A

The Immunglobulin (IG) Superfamily

Cadherins

Integrins

59
Q

Immunglion Superfamily are either _________ (bind to themselves) or ______________ (do not bind to themselves but rather to other types of molecules)

A

Homophilic

Heterophilic

60
Q

Cadherin are also _____________ but unlike IG Superfamily, Catherine are also _________________ in their binding.

A

Homophilic

Calcium dependent

61
Q

Integrins are ____________ bind to the extraceullar matrix fashion molecules like _________ and __________.

They are ________

A

Dimeric receptors

lamin

fibronectin

Heterophilic.

NPB 110B Midterm #3 (Final) (9 decks)

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