Development II

Question 1

True or False: All vertebrates undergo the same basic process in early development.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which eggs has a body axis set up (polarized) prior to egg fertilization by the vertebrate equivalent of the fly’s maternal effect genes?

Answer 2

Xenopus

Question 3

What is the pole that produces the ectoderm (precursor of the skin and the N.S)?

Answer 3

Animal Pole

Question 4

What is the pole that produces the endoderm (precursor of the gut)?

Answer 4

Vegetal pole

Question 5

Cells in between the animal and vegetal poles generate the _______________ –> a precursor of muscles and bones.

Answer 5

Mesoderm

Question 6

The ____________ of egg creates the second body axis with ventral structures forming at the side of the egg where the sperm entered.

Answer 6

fertilization

Question 7

During ________, the embryonic cells start to reorganize (cells begins to move)

Answer 7

Gastrulation

Question 8

Where do the cells from the animal pole move down to?

Answer 8

A structure called a dorsal lip or organizer

Question 9

At the dorsal lip –> cells leave the ectoderm and migrate into the interior of the embryo to form the _________ –> precursor to muscles.

Answer 9

mesoderm

Question 10

The ______________- have the ability to change the fates of the cells around them by inducing (environmentally determined) some ectodermal to become mesoderm.

Answer 10

dorsal lip organizer cells

Question 11

If you transplant ectoderm cells from a portion of donor embryo that is destined to the animal’s head region and put them into a host embryo’s tail region _______________.

Answer 11

these donor cells will become the normal tail structures

Question 12

Who performed a classical experiment, transplanted dorsal lip induces a new embryo, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1935?

Answer 12

Hans Spemann

Question 13

After the axis is formed what occurs next?

Answer 13

Neural Induction

Question 14

What is the primary process of that development of the nervous system in vertebrates?

Answer 14

Inductive (environmentally influenced) process

Question 15

After the induction of the mesoderm by the organizer, the structures in the mesoderm partially the ___________–> induce the formation of the neural plate in the ectoderm.

Answer 15

Notochord

Question 16

True or False: The neural plate then protrudes upward forming the neuronal folds and the neural crest.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What would the neural form when they eventually fuse?

Answer 17

Form the neural tube

The precursor to the brain and the spinal cord

Question 18

The ________________ are the percuroser to the peripheral nervous system and several other cell types.

Answer 18

neural crest cells

Question 19

The regional specific neuronal identity is determined by a process called

Answer 19

Pattern formation

Question 20

The general scheme for regional specification throughout the vertebrate nervous system is that the responses of Pluripotent precursors are first recruited according to its __________________.

Answer 20

anteroposterior position

Question 21

Cell phenotype is then further restricted according to _________________.

Answer 21

Dorsoventral position

Question 22

The anteroposterior and dorsoventral specification is determined by ___________________.

Answer 22

gradient of regulatory genes

Question 23

What is one remarkable finding in developmental biology?

Answer 23

Homologous genes specifying segmentation in the embryos of Drosophila are conserved in vertebrates and often serve a similar function.

Question 24

True or False: The vertebrate embryonic hindbrain has a segmented structure.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What kind of genes regulate the segmentation in the fly to determine the fate of cells vertebrate rhombomeres in a segmental specific way?

Answer 25

Homologous genes (Hox Genes)

Question 26

Notochord not only induces the formation of the neural plate but also influence ___________________ after the neural tube forms.

Answer 26

cell fates in the developing nervous system

Question 27

What molecular signals from the notochord cause the differentiation of a special group of cells in the ventral spinal cord called floor plate cells?

Answer 27

Sonic hedgehog gene

Question 28

The floor plate cells then releases signals causing ______________ near the floor plate to differentiate into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

neuronal precursors near the floor plate to differentiate into motor neurons.

Question 29

If we draft a donor notochord (N) into a host embryo \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 29

a new floor (F) plate and motor neurons will form

Question 30

The peripheral nervous system neurons are derivates of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

Neural crest cells

Question 31

True or False: The multipotent precursor cells from the neural crest differentiate into several different cell types depending on which pathways they migrate along in the developing embryo.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

For the PNS, Cells which migrate ventrally become sensory neurons in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, cells which migrate _______ the nearly tube become neurons in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 32

dorsal root ganglion beyond sympathetic ganglia

Question 33

Sympathetic ganglia cells which migrate below the notochord become chromaffin cells in the _________________ and other neurons and cell migrate directly beneath the ectoderm becomes ___________ in skin.

Answer 33

adrenal medulla melanocytes

Question 34

True or False: These different cell fates for the different progeny of neural crest cells are not genetically pre-determined.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The cell's fates are altered by the environment they migrate through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

Inductive mechanisms

Question 36

Some of the specific cues that migrate neural crest cells respond to the environment are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

Growth factors

Question 37

What is the dissociated cell culture experiment used for?

Answer 37

It can be used to determine these factors.

Question 38

For central nervous system, the future central nervous system develops from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 38

wall of the neural tube

Question 39

True or False: The nuclei of the cells in the primitive neural tube move back and forth during cell cycle.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

When cells become post __________ they migrate way from the __________ zone and from the maztle zone. Their process make up the __________ zone.

Answer 40

Mitotic ventricular marginal

Question 41

Neurons in the future brain later migrate into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_zone to form a _____________ plate.

Answer 41

marginal cortical

Question 42

The migration of the neurons is dependent on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 42

Redial glial cells

Question 43

What do redial glial cells create?

Answer 43

Create the road where new neurons can move along. L

Question 44

Later born neurons migrate pass earlier born neurons creating an ________ growth pattern

Answer 44

inside out

Question 45

What was injected during the embryonic development to show the inside out pattern?

Answer 45

Hythumide

Question 46

After neurons have differentiated, they start sending out ______ and _______ to make connections.

Answer 46

axons dendrites

Question 47

The tip of the growing axon or dendrite is called _____________ . \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ extend and retract lamellipodia and flilopdia, as if sampling substrate everywhere.

Answer 47

Growth Cone

Question 48

True or False: Filopadia adheres to an appropriate substrate and pull the growth cone in their direction.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

The dynamic of growth cone are mediated by two process (i) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and (ii) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments mysoin-mediated movement of actin filaments on microtubules

Question 50

Growth cone assembles macromolecular adhesion complexes to _______ extracellular protein to actin filaments.

Answer 50

Link

Question 51

The adhesion receptors linked to _____________ through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

actin filaments through adhesion complexes

Question 52

These adhesion receptors traveling within ____________ along ______________ may regulate axon outgrowth.

Answer 52

recycling endosome microtubules

Question 53

In addition, _____________ can direct the extension of growth cone.

Answer 53

Axon guidance receptors

Question 54

If the filopodium contacts an attractive substrate in the environment, actin filaments are _______________ by attachment to the substrate. Actin polymerization cause protrusive growth of growth cone.

Answer 54

immobilized

Question 55

On the other hand, if a ______________ contracts a repulsive substrate there is a rapid and complete collapse of the ____________ caused by actin depolymerization.

Answer 55

filopodium

Question 56

What cues in the environment do the filopodia react to?

Answer 56

The molecules in the environment that determine how favorable the substrate are cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix adhesion molecules. These molecules are environment permissive cues.

Question 57

Cell adhesion molecules is expressed on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-of the flipodium. Also, they are ____________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 57

Membrane Transmembrane or membrane-associated glycoproteins

Question 58

What are the three families of the cell adhesion molecules?

Answer 58

The Immunglobulin (IG) Superfamily Cadherins Integrins

Question 59

Immunglion Superfamily are either _________ (bind to themselves) or ______________ (do not bind to themselves but rather to other types of molecules)

Answer 59

Homophilic Heterophilic

Question 60

Cadherin are also _____________ but unlike IG Superfamily, Catherine are also _________________ in their binding.

Answer 60

Homophilic Calcium dependent

Question 61

Integrins are ____________ bind to the extraceullar matrix fashion molecules like _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 61

Dimeric receptors lamin fibronectin Heterophilic.