Learning and memory Flashcards
Blinking when someone pretends to throw a ball at your face would be what type of learning?
reflex
A cascade of yawning a classroom would be what kind of learning?
Fixed action pattern
Someone blows a loud horn which causes you to jump. If they continue to blow the horn periodically and you no longer jump every time, what kind of learning would this be?
habituation
A person just experienced a violent earthquake and is subsequently sensitive to loud noises and movement. What type of learning is this?
Sensitization
What are the 2 types of associative learning?
classical and operant conditioning
______ _____ are those behaviors that must be learned?
Conditioned response
Unconditioned responses appear ____ prior experience to a stimulus
without
What element of classical conditioning can produce a conditioned response?
conditioned stimulus
Who is the father of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
What is the basic idea of operant conditioning?
organisms form connections between a behavior and its consequences and it impacts the subsequent frequency of the behavior
Reinforcement _____ behavior and punishment ______ behavior
increases, decreases
How do we categorize memory systems?
Information to be recalled, conscious processing, temporal recall
What kind of memory is explicit?
declarative
What two branches is declarative memory split into?
semantic and episodic
What is implicit memory?
nondeclarative, procedural
What does the information processing model describe?
Information flows through a series of stages on its way to permanent storage in memory
How long does sensory memory last?
1-2 seconds
How long does short term memory last?
15-18 seconds
What kind of memory involves top down processing or active organization?
explicit
What kind of memory involves the conscious recollection of events, words, objects?
Explicit
What kind of memory is processed how it is perceived in the nervous system?
Implicit
What kind of memory does the pursuit rotor task test for?
Implicit
What kind of memory can involve elements of implicit and explicit memory?
Emotional memory
What neural circuits are involved in a na implicit motor learning task?
neocortex, basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, pre motor cortex
What theory are Squire and Bayley responsible for?
Consolidation theory
What is consolidation theory?
The hippocampus consolidates new memories to make them permanent but they are stored in the neocortex
Who coined the multiple trace theory of explicit long term memory?
Nadel and Moscovitch
In the multiple trace theory, what lobe is involved with factual semantic memory?
temporal
What are our memories linked to int he multiple trace theory?
autobiographical episodes
What theory notes that memories can change as they are reprocessed?
multiple trace theory
What theory claims that one event or memory may have many traces?
Reconsolidation theory
Who coined the theory that involves the idea that memories are reconsolidated and when they are, they become stored as a new memory?
Tronson and Taylor
What neurotransmitter substances are implicated in explicit memory?
norepinephrine, acetycholine, seratonin
Animal studies link the hippocampus to _____ memory
spatial
What type of explicit memory provides context for events during an episode?
relational/episodic
If a subject performs a stem completion task, does well, but has no memory of seeing or performing the task, what kind of memory could they have a problem with?
explicit
What structure is key for forming relational memories?
hippocampus
Verbal info is processed in the ___ hippocampus and spatiral or non verbal infor is processed in the ___ hippocampus
left, right
Damages to structures projecting into or out from the hippocampus can produce impairment in _____ memory
relational
Inability to form new memories is called what?
anterograde amnesia
Inability to recall old memories is called what?
retrograde amnesia
What structures were removed from HM’s brain?
bilateral medial temporal lobe, hippocampus