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Neuroscience Unit 4 > Lateralization and Language > Flashcards

Lateralization and Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is the localization of one function in one hemisphere or the other?

A

lateralization

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2
Q

What did hemispherectomy used to treat?

A

Rasmussen’s syndrome- seizures in one side of the brain

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3
Q

What was the only side effect seen in children after a hemispherectomy?

A

a slight limp

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4
Q

When the pathways connecting the left and right hemispheres are severed it’s called….

A

split brain surgery

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5
Q

T/F: split brain surgery results in no change to personality, intelligence, or speech

A

true

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6
Q

What is the Wada test?

A

anesthetizing one hemisphere with an injection of sodium amytal

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7
Q

What contemporary imaging do scientists use to study lateralization?

A

fMRI, DTI

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8
Q

What do the 9 hubs of the left hemisphere connect?

A

language processing, some parts of default mode network

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9
Q

What do the 11 hubs of the right hemisphere connect?

A

regions involved with attention and executive function

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10
Q

What are the adaptive advantages for an individual with lateralization?

A

Enhanced skill performance, faster reaction time, improves multitasking, language function

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11
Q

What is the adaptive advantage for a population with lateralization?

A

Social species, serve to coordinate responses to a predator

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12
Q

_______ is correlated with lateralization of language

A

handedness

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13
Q

In ____ ____ two different words are presented to the right and left ear, if the listener is right handed they will favor the right ear

A

dichotic listening

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14
Q

Our ability to produce and detect emotional tone in language

A

prosody

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15
Q

Which hemisphere is involved in the emotional tone of language?

A

right hemisphere

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16
Q

Muscian’s with perfect pitch have a _____ ____ that is twice as big

A

planum temporale

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17
Q

In terms of gender _____ brain is more lateralized than ______ brain

A

male, female

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18
Q

What prenatal hormone may predict gender differences in lateralization?

A

Androgen

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19
Q

____ handedness correlates with homicide

A

left

20
Q

In dichotic listening, why does the listener hear the syllable in their right ear alone?

A

Because of Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere

21
Q

Individuals with ASD were found to have _____ lateralization when compared to typical individuals

A

reduced

22
Q

What evolutionary changes spurred the development of spoken language?

A

existence of mirror systems and bipedalism

23
Q

What are individual sound units that placed in a specific order produce morphemes?

A

Phonemes

24
Q

What are the smallest meaningful units of a word?

A

Morpheme

25
Q

What is the collection of all words in a language?

A

lexicon

26
Q

What are the rules to combine words in phrases and sentences?

A

syntax

27
Q

What are the meanings that correspond to lexicon and sentences?

A

semantics

28
Q

What is the vocal intonation that may modify literal meanings of words and sentences?

A

prosody

29
Q

What is the linking sentences to produce a narrative?

A

discourse

30
Q

What are the positive outcomes of bilingualism?

A

Children perform better on tests of executive control, associated with a delay of dementia

31
Q

Proficiency in a second language is better if learned when?

A

As a child

32
Q

T/F: ASL is processed similarly as verbal languages

A

True

33
Q

What area is involved in comprehension, speech and reading?

A

Wernicke’s

34
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A

Speech

35
Q

What stream converts sound info into motor representations for speech?

A

dorsal

36
Q

What pathway assigns meanings to words?

A

ventral

37
Q

What type of aphasia is the lack of ability to speak clearly and a deficit in comprehension?

A

Broca’s aphasia

38
Q

What type of aphasia involves rapid speech that is fluent but meaningless?

A

wernicke’s aphasia

39
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Speech is fluent and comprehension is ok, difficulting repeating speech

40
Q

damage to the _____ ______ prevents the patient from directly transferring speech sounds from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area which causes ____ ____

A

arcuate fasciculus, conduction aphasia

41
Q

What is the loss of all language functions?

A

global aphasia

42
Q

What is transcortical aphasias?

A

fluent grammatical speech, but comprehension is impaired

43
Q

What disorder has normal speech and comprehension but inability to read or recognize letters?

A

Alexia

44
Q

What is the inability to write?

A

Agraphia

45
Q

What is difficulting learning to read and is related to asymmetry?

A

Dyslexia

46
Q

People with dyslexia have little activation of the ____ ____ and _____ ____ but increased activation of _____ _____

A

angular gyrus, wernicke’s area, broca’s area

47
Q

What is producing repetitions or prolonging of sounds?

A

stuttering

Neuroscience Unit 4 (4 decks)

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