Lateralization and Language Flashcards
What is the localization of one function in one hemisphere or the other?
lateralization
What did hemispherectomy used to treat?
Rasmussen’s syndrome- seizures in one side of the brain
What was the only side effect seen in children after a hemispherectomy?
a slight limp
When the pathways connecting the left and right hemispheres are severed it’s called….
split brain surgery
T/F: split brain surgery results in no change to personality, intelligence, or speech
true
What is the Wada test?
anesthetizing one hemisphere with an injection of sodium amytal
What contemporary imaging do scientists use to study lateralization?
fMRI, DTI
What do the 9 hubs of the left hemisphere connect?
language processing, some parts of default mode network
What do the 11 hubs of the right hemisphere connect?
regions involved with attention and executive function
What are the adaptive advantages for an individual with lateralization?
Enhanced skill performance, faster reaction time, improves multitasking, language function
What is the adaptive advantage for a population with lateralization?
Social species, serve to coordinate responses to a predator
_______ is correlated with lateralization of language
handedness
In ____ ____ two different words are presented to the right and left ear, if the listener is right handed they will favor the right ear
dichotic listening
Our ability to produce and detect emotional tone in language
prosody
Which hemisphere is involved in the emotional tone of language?
right hemisphere
Muscian’s with perfect pitch have a _____ ____ that is twice as big
planum temporale
In terms of gender _____ brain is more lateralized than ______ brain
male, female
What prenatal hormone may predict gender differences in lateralization?
Androgen
____ handedness correlates with homicide
left
In dichotic listening, why does the listener hear the syllable in their right ear alone?
Because of Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere
Individuals with ASD were found to have _____ lateralization when compared to typical individuals
reduced
What evolutionary changes spurred the development of spoken language?
existence of mirror systems and bipedalism
What are individual sound units that placed in a specific order produce morphemes?
Phonemes
What are the smallest meaningful units of a word?
Morpheme
What is the collection of all words in a language?
lexicon
What are the rules to combine words in phrases and sentences?
syntax
What are the meanings that correspond to lexicon and sentences?
semantics
What is the vocal intonation that may modify literal meanings of words and sentences?
prosody
What is the linking sentences to produce a narrative?
discourse
What are the positive outcomes of bilingualism?
Children perform better on tests of executive control, associated with a delay of dementia
Proficiency in a second language is better if learned when?
As a child
T/F: ASL is processed similarly as verbal languages
True
What area is involved in comprehension, speech and reading?
Wernicke’s
What is Broca’s area involved in?
Speech
What stream converts sound info into motor representations for speech?
dorsal
What pathway assigns meanings to words?
ventral
What type of aphasia is the lack of ability to speak clearly and a deficit in comprehension?
Broca’s aphasia
What type of aphasia involves rapid speech that is fluent but meaningless?
wernicke’s aphasia
What is conduction aphasia?
Speech is fluent and comprehension is ok, difficulting repeating speech
damage to the _____ ______ prevents the patient from directly transferring speech sounds from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area which causes ____ ____
arcuate fasciculus, conduction aphasia
What is the loss of all language functions?
global aphasia
What is transcortical aphasias?
fluent grammatical speech, but comprehension is impaired
What disorder has normal speech and comprehension but inability to read or recognize letters?
Alexia
What is the inability to write?
Agraphia
What is difficulting learning to read and is related to asymmetry?
Dyslexia
People with dyslexia have little activation of the ____ ____ and _____ ____ but increased activation of _____ _____
angular gyrus, wernicke’s area, broca’s area
What is producing repetitions or prolonging of sounds?
stuttering
