Learning and Memory

Question 1

Where does memory consolidation occur? And where is memory formed?

Answer 1

Memory is consolidation in the cortex and formed in the hippocampus

Question 2

How does long term potentiation occur?

Answer 2

In the hippocampus using the NMDA receptor

• static
• respond to glutamate
• ca++ channel

AMPA receptors are inserted during long term potentiation

The more signalling the more receptors

Question 3

Long term depression

Answer 3

If the neuron is being starved for stimulation it will pull the AMPA receptors in and recycle them

It will also pull the receptors in is the signaling is too high

Question 4

Declarative memory is stored where

Answer 4

Hippocampus

Explicit memory, semantic and episodic

Question 5

Procedural memory is stored in?

Answer 5

Cortical cells of the cerebrum

Implicit memory, muscle memory

Question 6

What ions are the AMPA receptor associated with?

Answer 6

Both Ca2+ and Na+
Influx of both

NMDA is only Ca2+ influx

Question 7

In what way can memory/learning be NMDA independent?

Answer 7

Through use of metabotrophic glutamate receptors - mGluR

Question 8

low frequency response

Answer 8

A few. Receptors get activates and a little ca++ comes in the cell

Ca++ binds CaM

CaM binds calcineurin

I-1 dephos leaving PP-1 in an active state acting on CaMKII, dephosphoylated it.

AMPA receptors not phosphoylated (CaMKII phosporylates AMPA receptors in its phos/active state)

Question 9

High frequency response

Answer 9

Lots of the receptors are activated and a great influx of Ca++, the large amount of Ca++ means something is happening to the cell so it is quickly dealt with so that the Ca++ doesn’t bind the CaM.

CaM acts on Adenylate cyclase which increase cAMP levels

cAMP activates PKA

PKA phosphorylates I-1 which inhibits PP-1 from acting on CaMKII

CaMKII (auto)phosphorylates (with CaM) and phosphoylates AMPA receptors which allow more to integrate into the membrane