Learning and memory Flashcards
What is learning?
The process of making new knowledge, skills or behaviors through experiences
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning that involves repeated association between two stimuli’s to produce a natural response.
What are the 3 stages of conditioning?
Before, during and after
What is before conditioning?
When the neutral stimulus has no significance as well as responses.
What is during conditioning?
when the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus, creating a unconditioned response.
What is after conditioning?
when the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response.
What is neutral stimulus?
a type of stimulus that has no response prior to the conditioning.
What is a unconditioned stimulus?
a type of stimulus that produces an unconscious response.
What is a unconditioned response?
a type of response that is a naturally occurring behavior in response to a stimulus.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
(was the neutral) a type of stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with the UCS.
What is a conditioned response?
a type of response that happens involuntary after the CS is presented.
EXAMPLE OF CONDITIONING
stage 1:
NS=no response
stage 2:
NS+UCS=UCR
stage 3:
CS=CR
What is operant conditioning?
a 3 phase learning process in which the likelihood of a behavior repeating is determined by the consequences.
What is the three phase model made up of?
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
What is antecedent?
The stimulus that triggers a certain behaviour.
What is behaviour?
The operant response where the individual acts voluntarily to the antecedent.
What is consequence?
The outcome which shapes or guides the future behaviors.
Whats reinforcement?
A consequence where it increases the likelihood that behavior will reoccur.
What is punishment?
A consequence where it decreases the likelihood of that behavior reoccurring.
What is positive reinforcement?
the addition of a desirable stimulus. example, getting a lolly for completing homework.
What is negative reinforcement?
the removal of a desirable stimulus. example, losing phone privileges for swearing.
What is positive punishment?
the addition of an undesirable stimulus. example getting detention for not doing homework.
What is negative punishment?
the removal of an undesirable stimulus. example being let off of doing chores because you did good in a SAC
What is observational learning?
a socio-cognitive approach to learning where it involves in watching the behavior of a model then watch the associated consequence with that behavior
What is socio-cognitive approaches to learning?
A theory in which learning takes place in a social setting and involves various of cognitive processes.
What is a model?
The individual that is performing the behavior that is being observed.
STAGES OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement
What is attention?
involves the learner actively watching the model.
What is retention?
involves the learner storing the metal representation of the behavior.
What is reproduction?
when the learner as the mental and physical ability to perform the behavior.
What is motivation?
when the learner has the desire to copy the behavior.
What is reinforcement?
(relation to observational learning)
when the learner receives a positive outcome after performing the behavior, they are more likely to do it again.
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
Intrinsic
Entrinsic
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
(observational learning)
Self-reinforcement
External reinforcement
Vicarious reinforcement
What is intrinsic motivation?
occurs from within the individual, example the desire to perform well on a SAC
What is extrinsic motivation?
occurs from factors external from the individual, example the teacher praising you for doing well on the SAC
What is self-reinforcement?
when the behavior is reinforced through internal factors, such as feeling proud of yourself.
What is external reinforcement?
when the behavior is reinforced through external factors, such as getting an award.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
when the behavior is reinforced by observing the other person being reinforced for the same behavior, such as seeing someone receiving a award for doing well
What is system of knowledge?
knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings.
What is mulitmodal?
using a variety of methods.
8 WAYS OF LEARNING FRAMEWORK
story sharing
learning maps
non-verbal
symbols and images
non-linear
land links
community links
deconstruct/reconstruct
What is story sharing?
The approach to learn through narrative, by connecting through the stories we share.
What is learning maps?
Mapping and visualizing processes by picturing our pathways of knowledge.
What is non-verbal?
Applying intra-personal and kin-aesthetic skills to thinking and learning. We see, think, act, make and share without words.
What is symbols and images?
Using images and metaphors to understand the content, we keep and share knowledge with art and objects.
What is land links?
Place based learning, lining content to local land and place. We work with lessons from land and nature.
What is non-linear?
Producing innovations and understanding by thinking laterally or combining systems. We put different ideas together to create new knowledge.
What is deconstruct/reconstruct?
Modelling and scaffolding, working from wholes to part. We work from wholes to part, watching then doing.
What is community links?
Centering local viewpoints, applying learning for community belief. We bring new knowledge home to help our mob.
What is memory?
the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that had been encountered.
What is encoding?
the process where it converts information from our stm into a form so our brain can store it.
What is storage?
the process where the brain retains the information in the ltm so that we can retrieve it for future use.
What is retrieval?
the process of accessing previously stored information from our ltm
What is sensory memory?
it stores raw information briefly detected by the senses
What is iconic memory?
stores visual information for 0.2-0.4 seconds and has a unlimited capacity.
What is echoic memory?
stores auditory information for 3-4 seconds and has a unlimited capacity.
What is short term memory? (stm)
actively manipulates information, so it remains conscious awareness, it has a capacity of 5-9 items and can be increase by chunking as well as a duration of 12-30 seconds.
What is long term memory? (ltm)
stores information that has been semantically encoded for future use. it has a capacity that in unlimited and the duration is relatively permanent.
What is explanatory power?
The ability of a hypothesis or a theory to explain the subject matter effectively to which it pertains.
What is explicit memory?
a type of ltm that is formed and retrieved intentionally with conscious effort.
What is implicit memory?
a type of ltm that is formed and retrieved without conscious effort
What is a procedural memory?
a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills.
What is episodic memory?
a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events.
What is semantic memory?
a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts.
BRAIN STRUCTURE
hippocampus
amygdala
neocortex
basal ganglia
cerebellum
What is the hippocampus?
a brain structure that encodes explicit memories
What is the amygdala?
a brain structure that encodes the emotional components of memories
What is the neocortex?
a brain structure involved in higher brain functions that stores explicit memories.
What is the basal ganglia?
a brain structure responsible for encoding and storage of motor and implicit memory.
What is the cerebellum?
a brain structure encoding and storage of implicit procedural memories.
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain characterized by memory decline.
What is amyloid plaques?
when beta-amyloid proteins build up. This abnormal build-up forms plaques between the synapses of neurons, and so interfere with communication.
What is neurofibillary tangles?
when protein builds up inside the neuron and are associated with cell death. This interferes with the flow of information travels within and between neurons, disrupting communication.
What is the symptoms and treatments of Alzheimer’s
symptoms include memory loss, personality change, confusion and disorientation and repetition.
There is no cure but there is medication to slow the disease.
What is aphantasia?
a phenomenon where a individual lack the capacity to generate a mental image.
What are mnemonics?
A technique used to encoding, storage and retrieval of information.
What is an acronym?
a mnemonic uses the first letters of items to form a pronounceable word to aid memory.
What is an acrostic?
a mnemonic device that uses the first letters of items to form phrase, poem or rhyme to aid memory.
What is method of loci?
a mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory.
