Learning and memory Flashcards
What is learning?
The process of making new knowledge, skills or behaviors through experiences
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning that involves repeated association between two stimuli’s to produce a natural response.
What are the 3 stages of conditioning?
Before, during and after
What is before conditioning?
When the neutral stimulus has no significance as well as responses.
What is during conditioning?
when the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus, creating a unconditioned response.
What is after conditioning?
when the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response.
What is neutral stimulus?
a type of stimulus that has no response prior to the conditioning.
What is a unconditioned stimulus?
a type of stimulus that produces an unconscious response.
What is a unconditioned response?
a type of response that is a naturally occurring behavior in response to a stimulus.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
(was the neutral) a type of stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with the UCS.
What is a conditioned response?
a type of response that happens involuntary after the CS is presented.
EXAMPLE OF CONDITIONING
stage 1:
NS=no response
stage 2:
NS+UCS=UCR
stage 3:
CS=CR
What is operant conditioning?
a 3 phase learning process in which the likelihood of a behavior repeating is determined by the consequences.
What is the three phase model made up of?
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
What is antecedent?
The stimulus that triggers a certain behaviour.
What is behaviour?
The operant response where the individual acts voluntarily to the antecedent.
What is consequence?
The outcome which shapes or guides the future behaviors.
Whats reinforcement?
A consequence where it increases the likelihood that behavior will reoccur.
What is punishment?
A consequence where it decreases the likelihood of that behavior reoccurring.
What is positive reinforcement?
the addition of a desirable stimulus. example, getting a lolly for completing homework.
What is negative reinforcement?
the removal of a desirable stimulus. example, losing phone privileges for swearing.
What is positive punishment?
the addition of an undesirable stimulus. example getting detention for not doing homework.
What is negative punishment?
the removal of an undesirable stimulus. example being let off of doing chores because you did good in a SAC
What is observational learning?
a socio-cognitive approach to learning where it involves in watching the behavior of a model then watch the associated consequence with that behavior
What is socio-cognitive approaches to learning?
A theory in which learning takes place in a social setting and involves various of cognitive processes.
What is a model?
The individual that is performing the behavior that is being observed.
STAGES OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement
What is attention?
involves the learner actively watching the model.
What is retention?
involves the learner storing the metal representation of the behavior.
What is reproduction?
when the learner as the mental and physical ability to perform the behavior.
What is motivation?
when the learner has the desire to copy the behavior.
What is reinforcement?
(relation to observational learning)
when the learner receives a positive outcome after performing the behavior, they are more likely to do it again.