Learning and Better Student

Question 1

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Proposed by Edward Lee Thorndike
* Claims that all learning is explained by selection and connections or bonds formed between stimuli and responses.
* Applied through the laws of learning:
1. Law of Readiness
2. Law of Exercise
3. Law of Effect

Answer 2

Connectionism

Question 3

Learning occurs when the learner is physiologically and psychologically prepared

Answer 3

Law of Readiness

Question 4

Mastery learning can take place through repetitions and rehearsals.
Review is important to easily learn new concepts, principles and rules.

Answer 4

Law of Exercise

Question 5

when the connection between the stimulus (person, object, situation) and the response is frequently used, the stronger will be the connection and learning is effective

Answer 5

Law of Use

Question 6

When the connection between the stimulus and the response is not used over a period of time, the responseor connection is weakened ineffective.

Answer 6

Law of DIsuse

Question 7

This law states that when the connection between the stimulus (person, object, situation) is pleasant, response to the stimulus is repeated because it is satisfying and pleasant;
But when the connection between the stimulus and response is unpleasant, response to the stimulus is avoided, not repeated because it is annoying.

Answer 7

Law of Effect

Question 8

(1849-1936)
Russian Physiologist
Discovered Classical Conditioning -Reflexes, Stimuli & Responses

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)
Russian Physiologist

Question 9

-Learning to increase or decrease voluntary behavior using reinforcement or punishment.

Answer 9

Operant Conditioning
Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-1990)

Question 10

Any consequences that make a response less likely to happen again.
Anything that decreases behavior

Answer 10

Punishment

Question 11

A stimulus that tends to maintain or increase the strength of a response. It is a form of reward that is given to increase the probability that a certain behavior will be repeated.

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

Types of Reinforcement according to hierarchy:

Answer 12

Primary Reinforcer rewarding. - a stimulus that is naturally
Secondary Reinforcer a stimulus that becomes - rewarding because of its association to a primary reinforcer.

Question 13

a stimulus, which when presented, increases the chance that the response will be repeated.
Ex. The professor gave plus points to students who got a perfect score in the quiz.

Answer 13

Positive Reinforcement

Question 14

a stimulus that has to be terminated or withdrawn to increase the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
Ex. The professor exempted the students who got an excellent grade in quizzes from taking the major exam.

Answer 14

Negative Reinforcement

Question 15

Focuses on how humans learn through observation
Learning takes place but may not be immediately demonstrated in performance.

Answer 15

Observational or Social Learning
Proposed by Albert Bandura

Question 16

1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Imitation
4. Motivation

Answer 16

What are the steps in observational learning?

Question 17

1. Motivation
2. Maturation
3. Experiences
4. Environment
5. Practice

Answer 17

What are the factors that influence learning?

Question 18

System that senses, organizes, alters, stores & retrieves information.

Answer 18

Memory

Question 19

refers to information processed in a short period of time.
Duration: 12 to 30 seconds without rehearsal

Answer 19

Short-term memory

Question 20

allows us to store information for long periods of time.
Duration: Relatively permanent

Answer 20

Long-term memory

Question 21

Failure to properly store information for future use.

Answer 21

Failure

Question 22

Proactive Interference - Information learned EARLIER interferes with information learned LATER.
Retroactive Interference - Information learned LATER
interferes with information learned EARLIER.

Answer 22

Interference Theory

Question 23

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

Answer 23

Memory Trace

Question 24

Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.

Answer 24

Trace Decay

Question 25

is a process whereby sense organs receive information from the external and internal environments.

Answer 25

Sensation

Question 26

is the giving of meaning to the information received

Answer 26

Perception