Learning Flashcards
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not produce a specific response on its own.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A not-so-neutral stimulus. Ex. the food which is evoking a dog to salivate.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
The neutral stimulus once it has been paired with the UCS.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
The naturally occurring response to the UCS.
Conditioned Response (CR)
The response that the CS elicits after conditioning.
Simultaneous Conditioning
The UCS and the CS are presented at the same time.
Higher Order Conditioning
Conditioning technique in which the CS become the UCS.
Forward Conditioning
Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS.
- Delayed
- Trace
Delayed
The presentation of the CS begins before that of the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented.
Trace Conditioning
The CS is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented.
Backward Conditioning
The CS is presented after the UCS is presented.
Inhibitory Conditioning
ineffective make pairing more difficult.
Operant Conditioning
(instrumental conditioning)
B.F. Skinner
Reward and Punishment
Skinner Box
Shaping
Process of implementing a new behavior by reinforcing behaviors that are close to the desired behavior.
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations.
Primary Reinforcement
A natural reinforcement. ex. food
Secondary Reinforcement
a learned reinforcer. Ex. money
Positive reinforcement
Addition of consequence to increase a desired behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of consequences to increase a desired behaviors.
Positive punishment
Addition of consequences to decrease undesired behavior.
Negative Punishment
Removal of a consequences to decrease undesired behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
- Every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement.
- Facilitates quickest learning, but most fragile learning.
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Not all correct answers are met with reinforcement.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
- Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses. ex. 6:1.
- This schedule helped prove the power of drug addiction with skinners box in drug addicted rats.
- Behaviors are vulnerable to extinction due to fixed number.
Variable Ratio Scheldule
- Learning takes most time to occur.
- Learning is least likely to become extinct.
- Reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses.
- Slot Machines
Fixed Interval Schedule
- Rewards come after the passage of a certain period of time rather then the number of behaviors.
- Argued it does little to motivate behavior.
Variable interval schedule
Rewards are delivered after differing time periods.
-second most effective strategy in maintaining behavior.
Token Economy
An artificial mini-economy (usually found in prisons, rehab centers, or mental hospitals. behaviors are reinforced with tokens and once they get enough tokens they can exchange them for a primary reinforcer..
Homeostasis
-Humans are motivated to maintain this.
- People desire to be balanced with respect to their feelings, ideas, or behaviors.
Theories:
- Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory
- Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory
-Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory
- Drive reduction Theories
questioned because people often seek out stimulation, novel experience, or self-destruction.
Expectancy-Value Theory
People are motivated by goals that they think they might actually meet.
Approach-avoidant conflict
the state one feels when a certain goal has both pros and cons.
Hedonism
theory that individuals are motivated solely by what brings the most pleasure and the least pain
The Premack Principle
idea that people are motivated to what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterward with something they like to do.
Yerkes Dodson effect
for simple tasks the optimal level of arousal is at the high end, for complex tasks the optimal level of arousal is at the low end. The optimal level for arousal is never in at the extremes.
