Learning

Question 1

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 1

A stimulus that does not produce a specific response on its own.

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

A not-so-neutral stimulus. Ex. the food which is evoking a dog to salivate.

Question 3

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 3

The neutral stimulus once it has been paired with the UCS.

Question 4

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 4

The naturally occurring response to the UCS.

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

The response that the CS elicits after conditioning.

Question 6

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 6

The UCS and the CS are presented at the same time.

Question 7

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 7

Conditioning technique in which the CS become the UCS.

Question 8

Forward Conditioning

Answer 8

Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS.

• Delayed
• Trace

Question 9

Delayed

Answer 9

The presentation of the CS begins before that of the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented.

Question 10

Trace Conditioning

Answer 10

The CS is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented.

Question 11

Backward Conditioning

Answer 11

The CS is presented after the UCS is presented.

Question 12

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 12

ineffective make pairing more difficult.

Question 13

Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

(instrumental conditioning)
B.F. Skinner
Reward and Punishment
Skinner Box

Question 14

Shaping

Answer 14

Process of implementing a new behavior by reinforcing behaviors that are close to the desired behavior.
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations.

Question 15

Primary Reinforcement

Answer 15

A natural reinforcement. ex. food

Question 16

Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 16

a learned reinforcer. Ex. money

Question 17

Positive reinforcement

Answer 17

Addition of consequence to increase a desired behavior.

Question 18

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 18

Removal of consequences to increase a desired behaviors.

Question 19

Positive punishment

Answer 19

Addition of consequences to decrease undesired behavior.

Question 20

Negative Punishment

Answer 20

Removal of a consequences to decrease undesired behavior.

Question 21

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 21

• Every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement.
• Facilitates quickest learning, but most fragile learning.

Question 22

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 22

Not all correct answers are met with reinforcement.

Question 23

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 23

• Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses. ex. 6:1.
• This schedule helped prove the power of drug addiction with skinners box in drug addicted rats.
• Behaviors are vulnerable to extinction due to fixed number.

Question 24

Variable Ratio Scheldule

Answer 24

• Learning takes most time to occur.
• Learning is least likely to become extinct.
• Reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses.
• Slot Machines

Question 25

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 25

• Rewards come after the passage of a certain period of time rather then the number of behaviors.
• Argued it does little to motivate behavior.

Question 26

Variable interval schedule

Answer 26

Rewards are delivered after differing time periods.

-second most effective strategy in maintaining behavior.

Question 27

Token Economy

Answer 27

An artificial mini-economy (usually found in prisons, rehab centers, or mental hospitals. behaviors are reinforced with tokens and once they get enough tokens they can exchange them for a primary reinforcer..

Question 28

Homeostasis

Answer 28

-Humans are motivated to maintain this.
- People desire to be balanced with respect to their feelings, ideas, or behaviors.
Theories:
- Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory
- Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory
-Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory
- Drive reduction Theories
questioned because people often seek out stimulation, novel experience, or self-destruction.

Question 29

Expectancy-Value Theory

Answer 29

People are motivated by goals that they think they might actually meet.

Question 30

Approach-avoidant conflict

Answer 30

the state one feels when a certain goal has both pros and cons.

Question 31

Hedonism

Answer 31

theory that individuals are motivated solely by what brings the most pleasure and the least pain

Question 32

The Premack Principle

Answer 32

idea that people are motivated to what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterward with something they like to do.

Question 33

Yerkes Dodson effect

Answer 33

for simple tasks the optimal level of arousal is at the high end, for complex tasks the optimal level of arousal is at the low end. The optimal level for arousal is never in at the extremes.