Big Wigs Flashcards
KNOW the important people.
Herman Ebbinghaus
First to study memory systematically. Proposed the forgetting curve.
Frederick Bartlett
Memory is reconstructive rather than rote. More likely to remember ideas or semantics instead of details or grammar.
Allan Paivio
Dual Code Hypothesis. Items will be better remembered if encoded visually (icons or imagery) and semantically (meaning).
Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart
Learning and recall depend on the depth of processing. Superficial (ex. pronunciation) or semantic (meaning) are different levels of processing depth.
Elizabeth Loftus
Memory of traumatic events is altered by the event itself and by how the questions about the event are phrased. Law-psychology.
Karl Lashley
Memories stored diffusely in the brain.
Donald Hebb
Memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways.
Brenda Milner
Wrote about patient HM and lesion of hippocampus to treat epilepsy. STM intact but could not for new memories in LTM.
George Sperling
Iconic memory, we see more then we remember.
Ulric Neisser
Discovered icon: a brief visual memory which lasts a second. When subjects are exposed to a bright light or a new pattern before iconic image fades, the first image will be erased (backwards masking). Same will occur with Echoic Memory.
George Miller
STM has capacity of 7 + or - 2.
James Gibson
Perceptual Development: increasing ability of a child to make finer discriminations among stimuli.
Ewald Hering
Proposed Opponent-Color or Opponent-processing theory of color vision.
Elanor Gibson and Richard Walk
developed the visual cliff apparatus to study whether depth perception is innate.
Robert Fantz
found that infants prefer relatively complex sensical displays.
E.H. Weber
Defined the differential threshold (just noticeable difference JND).
Hermann von Helmholtz
famous for the place-resonance theory of sound perception, in which different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.
Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
Gate Control Theory of Pain.
Charles Darwin
Concept of evolution is plausible by asserting that natural selection is at its core. wrote Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. Though he did not create the concept of evolution, he made evolution a scientifically sound principle by posting that natural selection was its driving force.
Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tibergen, and Karl von Frisch
All major figures in ethology and shared Nobel Prize in 1973.
Konrad Lorenz
Founder of ethology as a distinct research area. Best known for work with imprinting, animal aggression, releasing stimuli, fixed action patterns. (p.74)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
One of the founders of modern ethology. Best know for use of models in naturalistic settings. Most famous experiments involve stickleback fish and herring gull chicks. (p.74)
Karl von Fisch
Major figure in the study of animal behavior. Discovered that honeybees communicate through a dance they perform. Also studied senses of fish.
Walter Cannon
Coined term fight or flight, referring to the internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat.
Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt Psychologist. Experimented with chimpanzees and insight into problem solving.
Harry Harlow
Researched development with rhesus monkeys. Of particular significance to developmental psychology were his results with social isolation and maternal stimulation.
R.C. Tyron
Selectively bred “maze bright” and “maze dull” rats to demonstrate the heritability of behavior.
R. M. Cooper and John Zubeck
Demonstrated the interaction of between heritability and environment. (p.81)
Edward Thorndike
Worked in animal learning and conceptualized instrumental learning. (p.81)
Eric Kandel
studied sea slug aplysia. Posited that learning and memory are evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways.
Sigmund Freud
Originator of psychoanalytic theory. Contributed the most extensive and complex theory of human nature. Personality development in children.
Jean Charcot and Pierre Janet
Utilized hypnosis. Freud drew ideas from them.
Joseph Breuer
helped Freud in developing free association.
Alfred Adler
Originator of Individual Theory. Alderian Theory
Carl Gustav Jung
Originator of Analytical.
Carl Rogers
Originator of client-centered theory. Person centered or Rogerian Theory.
B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe
Originators of behavioral theory.
Aaron Beck
Originator of Cognitive Theory.
Albert Ellis
Originator of Rational-Emotive Theory.
Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka
Originator of Gestalt Theory.
Victor Frankl
Originator of Existential Theory.
Hans Eysenck
criticized the effectiveness of psychotherapy after analyzing studies that indicated psychotherpay was no more successful than no treatment at all. Other studies have since contradicted this point.
Anna Freud
Applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development.
Melanie Klein
Pioneered object-relations theory and psychoanalysis with children.
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian. Emphasized culture and society over instinct. She suggested that neuroticism is expressed as movement toward, against, and away from people.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Emphasized social and interpersonal relationships.
Abraham Maslow
The leader of the humanistic movement in psychology. Hierarchy of needs.
Jean Piaget
Cognitive development in children.
Rochel Gelman
showed that Piaget might have underestimated the cognitive ability of preschoolers. They can deal with ideas such as quantities in small sets of objects.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Theory of Moral development. Analyzed children’s response to 9 hypothetical dilemmas.
Erik Erikson
Created a development scheme that addressed the entire life span. Viewed each stage as having its own psycho-social conflict to resolve.
John Bowlby
Suggested that infants are motivated to attach to their mothers for positive reasons and for negative reasons. Emphasized importance of the mother-infant attachment during the infant’s sensitive period to prevent character and stability problems.
Mary Ainsworth
Studied attachment through the Strange Situation experiment.
Diana Baumrind
Studied the relationship between parenting style and personality development.
John Watson
Behavioristic approach to development asserted that the children were passively modeled by the environment and that their behavior emerges through imitation of their parents.
Arnold Gessell
an early child developmentalist who believed that nature provided only a blueprint for development through maturation and that environment or nurture filled in the details.
Norman Triplett
conducted the first social psychology experiment in 1897 on social facilitation. He found that cyclists performed better when they paced themselves with others than when they rode alone.
Kurt Lewin
Considered the founder of the field of social psychology. Applied gestalt ideas to social behavior. He conceived field theory, which is the total influence on upon individual behavior.
Fritz Heider
Founder of attribution theory and balance theory.
Robert Zajonc
found that the presence of others helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks.
Morton Deutsch
used the prisoners dilemma and the trucking company game story to illustrate the struggle between cooperation and competition.
Stanley Milgram
know for his very famous study in which participants were given the role of teacher and ordered by the experimenter to administer electric shocks to a learner in an adjacent room when the learner provided an incorrect response. The learner was a confederate and no receiving shocks.
Philip Zimbardo
from Milgram’s experiment he later found that people who were wearing hoods were more willing to administer higher levels of shock then people without hoods. Stanford Prison Experiment. Found that antisocial behavior positively correlates with population density.
Solomon Asch
had subject listen to staged opinion of others about which lines on a board were equal. The subjects then gave there own opinion. Subject conformed to the clearly incorrect opinion of others about 33% of the time. The unanimity seemed to be the influential factor.
Muzafer Sherif
experiment found that people’s description of the autokenetic effect were influenced by others’ descriptions. Showed that win/lose game type competition can also trigger serious conflict in groups. Robbers cave experiment, in which 2 groups of 12-year-old-boys attended a summer camp. Noted 3 phases of group dynamics; In-group, friction, and integration. revealed info about formation of in-group and out-groups and conflict resolution.
Irving Janis
Studied group think.
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
conducted the famous doll preference studies, which factored into the 1954 Supremem Court case Brown V. Board of education.
Richard Lazarus
Studied stress and coping. Differentiated between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.
J. Rodin and E. Langer
Showed that nursing home residents who have plants to care for have better health and lower mortality rates.
Stuart Valins
Studied environmental influences on behavior. Architecture matters. Student in long corridor dorms feel more stressed and withdrawn than students in suite-style dorms.
M. Rokeach
Studied racial bias and the similarity of beliefs. People prefer to be with like minded people rather then with like-skinned people. Also, racial bias decreases as attitude similarity between people increases.
M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen
are known for their theory of reasoned action.
Hazel Markus
Found that Eastern countries, in contrast to Western, value interdependence over independence.
Elaine Hatfield
looked at different kinds of love.
Paul Ekman
has argued that humans have six basic emotions: sadness, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise.
Harold Kelley
thought that the attributions of we make about our actions or those of others are usually accurate.
Walter Dill Scott
I/O. One of the first people to apply psychology principles to business, by employing psychological principles in advertising. Involved in helping military implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection.
Henry Landsberger
Coined the term Hawthorne Effect in 1955.Reported that anything they did increased productivity, postulated that this was because people’s performance changes when they are being observed.
Socrates
Original philosophic mentor who pondered the abstract ideas of truth, beauty, and justice.
Plato
Socrates pupil. declared that the physical world was not all that could be known. He asserted the presence of universal forms and innate knowledge. his philosophy was abstract and unsystematic.
Aristotle
Plato’s pupil, is recognized as the worlds first professor. his studies were based on order and logic. believed truth would be found in the physical world.
Rene Decartes
“I think therefore I am” figuring out truths through reason and deduction. Pondered dualism or the mind-body problem, which posits that the mind is a non-physical substance that is separate from the body.
John Locke
Tabula Rasa- blank slate. That what we know and what we are comes from experience. Knowledge is not innate.
Thomas Hobbes
Asserted that humans and other animals were machines and that sense-perception was all that could be known. From this, he suggested that a science could be formed to explain people just as physics explained the machines of the world.
Anton Mesmer
Viennese creator of popular science. believed that the healing of physical ailments came from the manipulation of people’s bodily fluids.
Franz Joseph Gall
Used ideas from physiology and philosophy to create a “science” later termed psychology. Phrenology was the idea that the nature of a person could be known by examining the shape of contours of the skull.
Sir Francis Galton
wan an independently wealthy Englishman who traveled extensively and studied various things for fun. As a result. he made important, but random, contributions to psychology. Galton was the first to use statistics in psychology, and he created the correlation coefficient. Wrote Hereditary Genius and used Darwin principles to promote eugenics.
Gustav Fechner
credited with founding experimental psychology because of his work Elements of psychophysics. Fechner had carried out the first systematic psychology experiment to result in mathematical conclusions. Previously, it was thought the mind could not be studied empirically.
Alfred binet
developed the concept of IQ and the first intelligence test (Binet Scale).
Lewis Terman
first to revise binet intelligence test changing the name to standford-binet scale which is used with children.
John Horn and Raymond Cattell
Found that fluid intelligence declines with old age while crystallized intelligence does not.
Robert Zajonc
Studied relationship between birth order and intelligence. He found the first borns were slightly more intelligent than second-borns and so on. Foudn more children present in the family the less intelligent they were likely to be.This relationship also seems to be affected by the spacing of the children, with greater space leading to higher intelligence.
Charles Spearmen
Believed there was a general factor in human inteligence, which he termed “g.” For ex. someone that is good at logic and reasoning will probably score well on both the math and verbal sections of the SAT (indicative of g.), but the person may do better in one than the other.
Juilan Rotter
Created the Internal-Locus of Control Scale to determine whether a person feels responsible for the things that happen (internal) or that he has no control over the events in life.
Walter Mischel
Was extremely critical of personality trait-theory and of personality tests in general. He felt that situations (not traits) decide actions.
Anne Anastasi
researched intelligence in relation to performance.
Donald Campbell and Donald Fiske
created the multitrait multimethod technique to determine the validity of tests.
Benjamin Whorf
Studies of hopi language. cultivated whorfian hypothesis
Roger Brown
researched social, developmental, and linguistic psychology. He found that childrens understanding of grammatical rules develops as the make hypotheses about how syntax works and then self-correct with experience.
Katherine Nelson
Language develops with the onset of active speech.
William Labov
Studied black English and found that it has its own complex internal structure. It is not simply incorrect English.
Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria
Studied the development of word meanings and found them to be complex and altered by interpersonal experience. Also they asserted that language is a tool involved in (not just a byproduct of) the development of abstract thinking.
Charles Osgood
Studied semantincs, or word meanings. He created semantic differential charts.
