Learning

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

Long term change in behaviour brought about experience

Question 2

What are tropisms

Answer 2

Innate behaviour pattern

Movement or change in orientation of an animal or plant

Question 3

What are FAPs?

Answer 3

Innate behavioural pattern

sequence of behaviours that occur in a rideorder that once started continue to competition

Question 4

Where are reaction chains?

Answer 4

Innate behavioural pattern
Sequence of behaviours
Progression from behaviour to behaviour depends on presence of appropriate stimulus
If stimulus not present, chain is distribution

Question 5

What is habitation?

Answer 5

Non associative learning
A general process in which repeated or prolong exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
Decrease in response strength over multiple presentations of low to moderate intensity stimulus

Question 6

What is dishabuation

Answer 6

Non associative learning 
Habituate animal to one stimulus 
After it stops responding, present new stimulus
Present old stimulus again 
Response to original stimulus recovers

Question 7

What is sensitisation?

Answer 7

Non associative learning

When stimuli are moderate to high in intensity, animals become sensitised

Question 8

Define acquisition

Answer 8

The phase of classical conditioning where the CS and US are presented together

Question 9

Define extinction

Answer 9

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is no longer followed by the US

Question 10

Define spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

the tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period

Question 11

Define second order conditioning

Answer 11

Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure which it was used as a CS

Question 12

Define generalisation

Answer 12

An increase in responding to a stimulus because of its similarity to a CS that was paired with a US

Question 13

Define discrimination

Answer 13

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 14

Define contingency

Answer 14

The organism has an expectation about how well the CS signals the appearance of the US

Question 15

Define biological preparedness

Answer 15

A property for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Question 16

What is the law of effect?

Answer 16

The principle that behaviours that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

Question 17

Define operant behaviour

Answer 17

Behaviour that has some impact on the environment and changes because of that impact

Question 18

Define the over justification effect

Answer 18

Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behaviour

Question 19

Define fixed interval schedule

Answer 19

Reinforcement will become available when a fixed time period has elapsed following previous reinforcement

Question 20

Define variable interval schedule

Answer 20

Reinforcement will become available when a time period has elapsed following the previous reinforcement- waiting period varies

Question 21

Define fixed ratio schedule

Answer 21

Reinforcement will be delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

Question 22

Define variable ratio schedule

Answer 22

Reinforcement will be delivered after a specified average number of responses have been made

Question 23

Define intermittent reinforcement

Answer 23

An operant conditioning relationship in which only some of the responses are followed by reinforcement

Question 24

Define latent learning

Answer 24

A condition in which something is learned but is not manifested as a behaviour change until sometime in the future

Question 25

Define cognitive map

Answer 25

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Question 26

Define spatial representation

Answer 26

The capacity to encode, process and store information about the shape and layout of the physical environment

Question 27

Define implicit learning

Answer 27

Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of the process and the products of information acquisition