Learning Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in ones mental processes or behavior that is a function of interactions with the environment
Reflexes
Innate skills that do not require learning
Situations when we have a signal that tells us when another event will occur
Pavlovian, respondent, and classical conditioning
Situations when the consequences of our behavior control future responding
Instrumental/operant conditioning
Unconditional response
Does not require learning
Conditional response
A result of learning
Unconditional stimulus
Causes an unconditional response
Neutral stimulus
Does not naturally elicit a response
Paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it becomes a conditional stimulus
Extinction
When a conditional stimulus is presented without the unconditional stimulus and it’s strength decreases over time
Appetitive stimuli
Pleasant reflexes
Aversive stimuli
Involve some degree of physical discomfort
Stimulus generalization
Reacting in a similar manner to stimuli that share features associated with the original conditional stimulus
A different environmental event that has not been paired with the unconditional stimulus also elicits or causes the conditional response
Conditional responses occur from exposure to stimuli that are physically similar to the original conditional stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
Conditional responses only occur when the original conditional stimulus is introduced
Operant conditioning
Situations in which we can choose among different options based on our previous experiences
Antecedent stimuli
Environmental events that preceded behavior
Reinforcement
The consequences of a response increase the probability of behavior
Punishment
Decreases the likelihood of a recurrence of behavior
Some behavior produces a stimulus which leads to more of that same kind of behavior in the future
Positive reinforcement
Some behavior removes a stimulus which leads to more of that kind of behavior in the futute
Negative reinforcement
Some behavior produces a stimulus which leads to less of that kind of behavior in the future
Positive punishment
Some behavior removes a stimulus which leads to less of that kind of behavior in the future
Negative punishment
Reward every 3rd 5th, or 19th behavior
Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
Reward every 3rd 5th, or 19th behavior
Variable ratio schedule
Reward on average every 5th behavior
Reward on average every 4t behavior
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule (FI)
Getting paid every 2 weeks
Report due every 2 weeks
Getting paid every 2 weeks
Report due every 2 weeks
Fixed interval schedule (FI)
Variable interval schedule (VI)
Reward on average ever 2 weeks
Reward on average every 2 weeks
Variable interval schedule (VI)
Primary reinforces
Nonlearned and natural; satisfied physiological needs
Food, water, sex
Secondary reinforcer
Learned reinforcer
Money, praise, attention, approval, success
Token reinforcer
Tangible secondary reinforcer
Money, gold stars, poker chips
Social reinforcer
Provided by other people
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcement does not follow every response
Latent learning
Occurs without obvious reinforcement
Anticipated future rewards
