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Psychology Test 2 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Constructivism

A

Children are active contributors to their own learning

They construct their own knowledge

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2
Q

Assimilation

A

Occurs when individual encounter information that is similar to what they have in their existing cognitive structures; when this new information is encountered, it is added to existing cognitive structures
Putting new experiences into a file drawer with similar characteristics

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3
Q

Accommodation

A

The process in which one creates a new cognitive structure to account for information that does not fit elsewhere
Into a new file (schema), a zebra is not a horde

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4
Q

Schema

A

Categories, or the basic structures we use to organize information

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5
Q

Four major stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor period
Preoperational period
Concrete operational period
Formal operational period

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6
Q

Sensorimotor stage (ages, significant characteristics)

A

0-2 years
Learns about the world largely through motor abilities
Reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, combine secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, mental representation

All sensory input and motor responses are coordinated (acquire info); most intellectual development is nonverbal; object permanence

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7
Q

Preoperational stage (ages, significant characteristics)

A

2-7 years
Can mentally represent the past, but experiences issues with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks
Pre-conceptual thinking, intuitive thinking
Symbolic thinking, animism, egocentrism

Unable to transform images or ideas; begin to use language and think symbolically; intuitive thought (little logic); egocentric thought; confuse words with the objects they represent

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8
Q

Concrete operational stage (ages, significant characteristics)

A

7-11 years
Reasons well about concrete events and routinely passes conservation tasks; still experiences difficulty thinking and reasoning abstractly
Identity, compensation, and inversion

Can carry out mental operations (concrete, not abstract); reversibility of thought; conservation

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9
Q

Formal operational stage (ages, significant characteristics)

A

(11/12) years+
Able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and/or abstract problems
Inductive and deductive reasoning

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10
Q

Object permanence

A

Objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen

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11
Q

Sociocultural theory

A

cognitive development is a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised.

Vygotsky believed that one could not understand cognitive development without considering the context in which children were raised

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12
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

The distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with some assistance

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13
Q

Eriksons eight stages of development

A

Infancy, early childhood, preschool years, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, maturity

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14
Q

Infancy stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

Birth -2 years

Trust vs. mistrust

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15
Q

Early childhood stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

2-4 years

Anatomy vs shame and doubt

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16
Q

Preschool years stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

4-5 years

Initiative vs guilt

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17
Q

School Age stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

5-12 years

Industry vs inferiority

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18
Q

Adolescence stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

13-19 years

Identity vs role confusion

19
Q

Early adulthood stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

20-39 years

Intimacy vs isolation

20
Q

Middle adulthood stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

40-64 years

Generativity vs stagnation

21
Q

Maturity stage (age, developmental milestone)

A

65+ years

Ego integrity vs despair

22
Q

Attachment style

A

The way we function within our significant interpersonal relationships

23
Q

Securely attached

A

Distressed when the mother leaves but happy when she comes back

24
Q

Insecure resistant

A

Clingy and resisted separation from caregivers

Avoid when mom returns

25
Q

Insecure avoidant

A

Do not approach mother for comfort

Anxious

26
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Extreme fear and dissociation

27
Q

Kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning/development

A 
Preconventional morality (children)
Conventional morality (typical)
Postconcentional morality (rare)
28
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Have yet to develop a moral code independent of adults around them
Limited understanding of morality behind bad = punishment, good = rewards
Moral thinking guided by consequences of actions
How can I avoid punishment?

29
Q

Conventional morality

A

Choices based on conforming to societal pressures

Blindly accept social conventions, wanting to maintain the status quo

30
Q

Post-conventional morality

A

Moral decisions are based on internal principles and are not entirely dictated by society or other individuals

31
Q

Four infant reflexes

A

Grasping, rooting, sucking, Moro

32
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Nourishment

33
Q

9 human development stages (newborn to 12 months)

A
  1. Fetal posture (newborn)
  2. Holds chin up (1 month)
  3. Holds chest up (2 months)
  4. Sits when supported (4 months)
  5. Sits alone (7 months)
  6. Stands holding furniture (9 months)
  7. Crawls (10 months)
  8. Walks if led (11 months)
  9. Stands alone (11 months)
  10. Wake alone (12 months)
34
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Certain time to learn something; if you don’t, you never will
Bonding
Language
Attachment

35
Q

When does a social smile first occur

A

8-12 months

36
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Infant thesis monkeys raised by surrogate mothers

Contact comfort

37
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Demand obedience to authority & emotionally

Children: withdrawn, apprehensive, no curiosity

38
Q

Overly permissive parents

A

Warm and affectionate with no rules

Children: “spoiled brats”

39
Q

Authoritative

A

Provide firm and consistent guidance, love & affection

Children: competent, self-controlled, independent & assertive

40
Q

How do children acquire language? (5 stages)

A 
Crying (1 month)
Cooing (6-8 weeks)
Babbling (7 months)
Single-word stage (18 months)
Telegraphic speech (24 months)
41
Q

Biological disposition: Noam Chomsky

A

Presumed hereditary readiness of all humans
Language patterns are inborn
Criticism:
Underestimated importance of learning and social context

42
Q

Parentese (infant directed speech)

A 
Signals (rhythm, touching, gazing, vocalizing)
Marked by raised voice
Short, simple sentences
Repetition
Exaggerated voice inflections
43
Q

Theory of mind

A

Your thoughts are different from my thoughts

Starts at 2, developed by 4-5

Psychology Test 2 (3 decks)

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