Development

Question 1

Constructivism

Answer 1

Children are active contributors to their own learning

They construct their own knowledge

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

Occurs when individual encounter information that is similar to what they have in their existing cognitive structures; when this new information is encountered, it is added to existing cognitive structures
Putting new experiences into a file drawer with similar characteristics

Question 3

Accommodation

Answer 3

The process in which one creates a new cognitive structure to account for information that does not fit elsewhere
Into a new file (schema), a zebra is not a horde

Question 4

Schema

Answer 4

Categories, or the basic structures we use to organize information

Question 5

Four major stages of cognitive development

Answer 5

Sensorimotor period
Preoperational period
Concrete operational period
Formal operational period

Question 6

Sensorimotor stage (ages, significant characteristics)

Answer 6

0-2 years
Learns about the world largely through motor abilities
Reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, combine secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, mental representation

All sensory input and motor responses are coordinated (acquire info); most intellectual development is nonverbal; object permanence

Question 7

Preoperational stage (ages, significant characteristics)

Answer 7

2-7 years
Can mentally represent the past, but experiences issues with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks
Pre-conceptual thinking, intuitive thinking
Symbolic thinking, animism, egocentrism

Unable to transform images or ideas; begin to use language and think symbolically; intuitive thought (little logic); egocentric thought; confuse words with the objects they represent

Question 8

Concrete operational stage (ages, significant characteristics)

Answer 8

7-11 years
Reasons well about concrete events and routinely passes conservation tasks; still experiences difficulty thinking and reasoning abstractly
Identity, compensation, and inversion

Can carry out mental operations (concrete, not abstract); reversibility of thought; conservation

Question 9

Formal operational stage (ages, significant characteristics)

Answer 9

(11/12) years+
Able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and/or abstract problems
Inductive and deductive reasoning

Question 10

Object permanence

Answer 10

Objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen

Question 11

Sociocultural theory

Answer 11

cognitive development is a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised.

Vygotsky believed that one could not understand cognitive development without considering the context in which children were raised

Question 12

Zone of proximal development

Answer 12

The distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with some assistance

Question 13

Eriksons eight stages of development

Answer 13

Infancy, early childhood, preschool years, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, maturity

Question 14

Infancy stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 14

Birth -2 years

Trust vs. mistrust

Question 15

Early childhood stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 15

2-4 years

Anatomy vs shame and doubt

Question 16

Preschool years stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 16

4-5 years

Initiative vs guilt

Question 17

School Age stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 17

5-12 years

Industry vs inferiority

Question 18

Adolescence stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 18

13-19 years

Identity vs role confusion

Question 19

Early adulthood stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 19

20-39 years

Intimacy vs isolation

Question 20

Middle adulthood stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 20

40-64 years

Generativity vs stagnation

Question 21

Maturity stage (age, developmental milestone)

Answer 21

65+ years

Ego integrity vs despair

Question 22

Attachment style

Answer 22

The way we function within our significant interpersonal relationships

Question 23

Securely attached

Answer 23

Distressed when the mother leaves but happy when she comes back

Question 24

Insecure resistant

Answer 24

Clingy and resisted separation from caregivers

Avoid when mom returns

Question 25

Insecure avoidant

Answer 25

Do not approach mother for comfort | Anxious

Question 26

Disorganized attachment

Answer 26

Extreme fear and dissociation

Question 27

Kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning/development

Answer 27

``` Preconventional morality (children) Conventional morality (typical) Postconcentional morality (rare) ```

Question 28

Preconventional morality

Answer 28

Have yet to develop a moral code independent of adults around them Limited understanding of morality behind bad = punishment, good = rewards Moral thinking guided by consequences of actions How can I avoid punishment?

Question 29

Conventional morality

Answer 29

Choices based on conforming to societal pressures | Blindly accept social conventions, wanting to maintain the status quo

Question 30

Post-conventional morality

Answer 30

Moral decisions are based on internal principles and are not entirely dictated by society or other individuals

Question 31

Four infant reflexes

Answer 31

Grasping, rooting, sucking, Moro

Question 32

Rooting reflex

Answer 32

Nourishment

Question 33

9 human development stages (newborn to 12 months)

Answer 33

1. Fetal posture (newborn) 2. Holds chin up (1 month) 3. Holds chest up (2 months) 4. Sits when supported (4 months) 5. Sits alone (7 months) 6. Stands holding furniture (9 months) 7. Crawls (10 months) 8. Walks if led (11 months) 9. Stands alone (11 months) 10. Wake alone (12 months)

Question 34

Sensitive periods

Answer 34

Certain time to learn something; if you don't, you never will Bonding Language Attachment

Question 35

When does a social smile first occur

Answer 35

8-12 months

Question 36

Harry Harlow

Answer 36

Infant thesis monkeys raised by surrogate mothers | Contact comfort

Question 37

Authoritarian parents

Answer 37

Demand obedience to authority & emotionally | Children: withdrawn, apprehensive, no curiosity

Question 38

Overly permissive parents

Answer 38

Warm and affectionate with no rules | Children: "spoiled brats"

Question 39

Authoritative

Answer 39

Provide firm and consistent guidance, love & affection | Children: competent, self-controlled, independent & assertive

Question 40

How do children acquire language? (5 stages)

Answer 40

``` Crying (1 month) Cooing (6-8 weeks) Babbling (7 months) Single-word stage (18 months) Telegraphic speech (24 months) ```

Question 41

Biological disposition: Noam Chomsky

Answer 41

Presumed hereditary readiness of all humans Language patterns are inborn Criticism: Underestimated importance of learning and social context

Question 42

Parentese (infant directed speech)

Answer 42

``` Signals (rhythm, touching, gazing, vocalizing) Marked by raised voice Short, simple sentences Repetition Exaggerated voice inflections ```

Question 43

Theory of mind

Answer 43

Your thoughts are different from my thoughts | Starts at 2, developed by 4-5