learning

Question 1

what peptide can maintain long term memories?

Answer 1

Protein kinase M zeta- PKM maintains long term potentiation

Question 2

what peptide can block long term memory function?

Answer 2

ZIP- zeta inhibitory peptide

Question 3

what is the major effect of reticular formation of the pons on the cerebral cortex?

Answer 3

diffuse stimulation

Question 4

what involves learning relationship between 2 stimuli?

Answer 4

classical conditioning

Question 5

what involves learning relationship between stimulus and organism behavior?

Answer 5

operant conditioning

Question 6

when an animal or person learns to predict the consequences of its own behavior?

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

what is the major effect of the reticular formation of the pons on the cerebral cortex?

Answer 7

diffuse stimulation- it also transmits excitatory signals to cord

Question 8

what stimulates the reticular excitatory area?

Answer 8

peripheral sensory signals

cerebral cortex and thalamus

Question 9

if you were to cut the brainstem mid pons (above CN V entry) what would happen?

Answer 9

coma

Question 10

if you were to cut the brainstem below entry of CN V what would happen?

Answer 10

coma would be unlikely

Question 11

if the reticular excitatory area was inactivated what would happen?

Answer 11

brain activity would be reduced and probably coma

Question 12

what cells promote wakefulness?

Answer 12

pontomesencephalic

Question 13

where are the pontomesencephalic cells located?

Answer 13

locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

• dopaminergic cells
• noradrenergic cells

Question 14

what neurons contain histamine?

Answer 14

posterior hypothalamic neurons

Question 15

the oral pontine reticular formation, midbrain central tegmentum and posterior hypothalamus do what?

Answer 15

maintain wakefulness

Question 16

the oral pontine reticular formation is made up of what type of cells?

Answer 16

glutaminergic

Question 17

the raphia nuclei, dorsolateral medullary reticular formation and anterior hypothalamic preoptic region all do what?

Answer 17

promote sleep

Question 18

what inhibits the reticular excitatory area via serotonergic projections?

Answer 18

reticular inhibitory area

Question 19

where is the norepinephrine system located?

Answer 19

locus ceruleus

Question 20

where is the dopamine system located?

Answer 20

substantia nigra
arcuate
VTA

Question 21

where is the serotonin system?

Answer 21

raphe nuclei

Question 22

where is the acetylcholine system?

Answer 22

gigantocellular- part of reticular excitatory

Question 23

what is known as the sleep modulating center, intermingling both sleep and arousal systems?

Answer 23

magnocellular nucleus basal is of Meynert

Question 24

what nucleus is associated with satiety?

Answer 24

ventromedial nucleus

Question 25

lesions in what part of brain produce insomnia?

Answer 25

serotonin rich raphe nucleus

Question 26

what is another cause of insomnia by blocking production of serotonin?

Answer 26

PCPA

Question 27

what does serotonin effect in order to modulate sleep?

Answer 27

hyponogenic factors in the anterior hypothalamus and superchiasmatic nucleus

Question 28

melatonin is synthesized and released by the pineal gland through sympathetic activation from the?

Answer 28

retino-hypothalamic tract

Question 29

during REM sleep there is a dramatic decrease in?

Answer 29

EMG activity

Question 30

non REM is also known as?

Answer 30

slow wave sleep

Question 31

what is highly concentrated in the pre optic nucleus and induced both SWS and REM sleep?

Answer 31

prostaglandin D2

Question 32

anterior hypothalamus may also promote sleep by inhibiting the waking area in the?

Answer 32

posterior hypothalamus

Question 33

what type of spikes are associated with many phasic events such as rapid eye movement, change in respiration, heart rate, muscle twitches and dreaming?

Answer 33

PGO- pontine geniculate occipital spike

Question 34

during REM how would you describe the EEG?

Answer 34

highly desynchronized

Question 35

cholinergic stimulation of the pons induces?

Answer 35

REM sleep

Question 36

what type of cells are synonymous with the nonadrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus?

Answer 36

REM off cells

Question 37

what serves as an endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temperature in a close fashion?

Answer 37

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 38

what has reduced thermosensitivity during sleep?

Answer 38

hypothalamic preoptic nucleus

Question 39

sleep onset is associated with inhibition of?

Answer 39

TSH and cortisol

Question 40

sleep oneset is associated with stimulation of?

Answer 40

GH and prolactin

Question 41

what other functions decrease during slow wave sleep?

Answer 41

brain metabolism by 20-35%

cerebral blood flow

Question 42

what effect does sleep deprivation have on ghrelin and leptin?

Answer 42

decreases leptin

increases ghrelin

Question 43

narcolepsy is associated with abnormalities of what?

Answer 43

hypocretin neurotransmitter system

Question 44

what is known as a set of hypothalamic neuropeptides that have an excitatory effect on several neurohormones and plays a primary role in sleep and arousal?

Answer 44

hypocretins- orexins

Question 45

withdrawal from sedative hypnotic drugs produces a phenomenon of increased sensitivity of the nervous system. this is called?

Answer 45

kindling

Question 46

what may underlie impulsivity associated with binge drinking?

Answer 46

kindling

Question 47

the mechanisms of neurotoxicity and kindling of neurotransmission systems is thought to be due to alcohol’s acute effects on what?

Answer 47

GABAergic enhancement and NMDA suppression