learning Flashcards
what peptide can maintain long term memories?
Protein kinase M zeta- PKM maintains long term potentiation
what peptide can block long term memory function?
ZIP- zeta inhibitory peptide
what is the major effect of reticular formation of the pons on the cerebral cortex?
diffuse stimulation
what involves learning relationship between 2 stimuli?
classical conditioning
what involves learning relationship between stimulus and organism behavior?
operant conditioning
when an animal or person learns to predict the consequences of its own behavior?
operant conditioning
what is the major effect of the reticular formation of the pons on the cerebral cortex?
diffuse stimulation- it also transmits excitatory signals to cord
what stimulates the reticular excitatory area?
peripheral sensory signals
cerebral cortex and thalamus
if you were to cut the brainstem mid pons (above CN V entry) what would happen?
coma
if you were to cut the brainstem below entry of CN V what would happen?
coma would be unlikely
if the reticular excitatory area was inactivated what would happen?
brain activity would be reduced and probably coma
what cells promote wakefulness?
pontomesencephalic
where are the pontomesencephalic cells located?
locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
- dopaminergic cells
- noradrenergic cells
what neurons contain histamine?
posterior hypothalamic neurons
the oral pontine reticular formation, midbrain central tegmentum and posterior hypothalamus do what?
maintain wakefulness
the oral pontine reticular formation is made up of what type of cells?
glutaminergic
the raphia nuclei, dorsolateral medullary reticular formation and anterior hypothalamic preoptic region all do what?
promote sleep
what inhibits the reticular excitatory area via serotonergic projections?
reticular inhibitory area
where is the norepinephrine system located?
locus ceruleus
where is the dopamine system located?
substantia nigra
arcuate
VTA
where is the serotonin system?
raphe nuclei
where is the acetylcholine system?
gigantocellular- part of reticular excitatory
what is known as the sleep modulating center, intermingling both sleep and arousal systems?
magnocellular nucleus basal is of Meynert
what nucleus is associated with satiety?
ventromedial nucleus
lesions in what part of brain produce insomnia?
serotonin rich raphe nucleus
what is another cause of insomnia by blocking production of serotonin?
PCPA
what does serotonin effect in order to modulate sleep?
hyponogenic factors in the anterior hypothalamus and superchiasmatic nucleus
melatonin is synthesized and released by the pineal gland through sympathetic activation from the?
retino-hypothalamic tract
during REM sleep there is a dramatic decrease in?
EMG activity
non REM is also known as?
slow wave sleep
what is highly concentrated in the pre optic nucleus and induced both SWS and REM sleep?
prostaglandin D2
anterior hypothalamus may also promote sleep by inhibiting the waking area in the?
posterior hypothalamus
what type of spikes are associated with many phasic events such as rapid eye movement, change in respiration, heart rate, muscle twitches and dreaming?
PGO- pontine geniculate occipital spike
during REM how would you describe the EEG?
highly desynchronized
cholinergic stimulation of the pons induces?
REM sleep
what type of cells are synonymous with the nonadrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus?
REM off cells
what serves as an endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temperature in a close fashion?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
what has reduced thermosensitivity during sleep?
hypothalamic preoptic nucleus
sleep onset is associated with inhibition of?
TSH and cortisol
sleep oneset is associated with stimulation of?
GH and prolactin
what other functions decrease during slow wave sleep?
brain metabolism by 20-35%
cerebral blood flow
what effect does sleep deprivation have on ghrelin and leptin?
decreases leptin
increases ghrelin
narcolepsy is associated with abnormalities of what?
hypocretin neurotransmitter system
what is known as a set of hypothalamic neuropeptides that have an excitatory effect on several neurohormones and plays a primary role in sleep and arousal?
hypocretins- orexins
withdrawal from sedative hypnotic drugs produces a phenomenon of increased sensitivity of the nervous system. this is called?
kindling
what may underlie impulsivity associated with binge drinking?
kindling
the mechanisms of neurotoxicity and kindling of neurotransmission systems is thought to be due to alcohol’s acute effects on what?
GABAergic enhancement and NMDA suppression
