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physiology final > immune > Flashcards

immune Flashcards

1
Q

what is the study of secreted cell products actions in CNS and PNS?

A

neuroimmunomodulation

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2
Q

activation of SNS inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in?

A

suppressed immune function

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3
Q

what are soluble mediators that are produced by immune cells which modify the proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system?

A

cytokines

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4
Q

activated immune cells can cross the BBB and release what into the brain?

A

cytokines

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5
Q

what is the trio of inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF

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6
Q

which interleukin is involved in cell proliferation and fever

A

IL-1

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7
Q

what are all the inflammatory cytokines regulated by?

A

cortisol

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8
Q

what 2 things negate fever producing response of IL-1?

A

alpha MSH and endogenous IL-1 receptor

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9
Q

what are some things that stimulate the production of cytokines?

A

trauma, infection and inflammation and psychological stressors

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10
Q

what produces IL-1?

A

glial cells and neurons

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11
Q

what cytokine is elevated in AIDs and alzheimers and contributes to behavioral disturbances?

A

IL-1

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12
Q

what offsets the negative effects of elevated IL-1?

A

endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist

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13
Q

what down-regulates IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and CRF to help regulate the neuroendocrine axis?

A

cortisol

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14
Q

what is produced by macrophages, mediates inflammation, can suppress thyroid function which can contribute to fatigue and lethargy?

A

tumor necrosis factor- TNF-a

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15
Q

what inhibits TNF?

A

vagal cholinergic stimulation

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16
Q

what suppresses macrophage activation and synthesis of antibodies by B cells?

A

ACTH

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17
Q

what decreases the activity of T cells and natural killer cells?

A

gonadotropins

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18
Q

what inhibits I cell proliferation and inflammatory cascade?

A

somatostatin and VIP

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19
Q

what can increase lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis?

A

GH and prolactin

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20
Q

lymphocytes possess receptors for what products of immune regulation?

A

VIP
NYP
substance P

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21
Q

what is decreased in spinal cord injury patients?

A

NK cell function
T cell function
CAMs

these all function in immune function and wound healing

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22
Q

what coordinates the response to stress through the release of soluble products from the SNS and HPA axis?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

what can produce neurologically active peptides including ACTH, CRF, GH, thyrotropin, PRL, hCG, endorphins, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin, VIP?

A

immune cells

24
Q

what are likely important mediators of the HPA response to immune stimuli?

A

cytokines

25
Q

what are some of the benefits of melatonin?

A

enhances immune system
antioxidant
sleep aid
lowers cholesterol and BP

26
Q

what is known as reduced visual capacity?

A

amblyopia

27
Q

what is a nerve growth factor that binds to specific receptors and promotes neuronal survival?

A

neurotrophin class of neurotrophic factors

28
Q

target tissues play a critical role in regulating the number of surviving neurons by secreting a variety of?

A

neurotrophic factors

29
Q

elimination of neurotrophic factors and their receptors lead to?

A

neuronal death- apoptosis

30
Q

transection of the axon

A

axotomy

31
Q

most injuries in the nervous system involve damage to?

A

axons

32
Q

with regard to the pleasure circuit of a rat, what projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, striatum, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex?

A

dopaminergic projections

33
Q

what area (nucleus) is associated with gabaergic projections to the ventral tegmental area?

A

nucleus accumbens

34
Q

between PNS and CNS, which has better regeneration after injury?

A

PNS- regenerated axons can form functional nerve endings
-neuromuscular junctions, muscle spindles glands etc

CNS- little regeneration here and long distance is rare

35
Q

in all 3 divisions of PNS what is reversible in regards to regeneration?

A

axotomy

36
Q

what is the condition where a patient is unable to independently control digits of hand?

A

focal hand distonia- fingers moving at high rate for long periods of time

37
Q

even in adults the sensory cortex is constantly?

A

remodeling

38
Q

what affect synaptogenesis i.e. synapses increased electric activity when adjacent astrocytes stimulate calcium waves?

A

glia

39
Q

astrocytes communicate among themselves and with neurons with?

A

Ca++ waves

40
Q

what cells sprout branches that form bridges after nerve damage to guide axons back to injured muscle?

A

schwann glial cells

41
Q

what glia in CNS are important for pH regulation?

A

oligodendrocytes

42
Q

what is the neural circuit associated with emotion and higher cognitive function?

A

Papez ciruit

43
Q

what glia in the CNS function as macrophages in the CNS?

A

microglia

44
Q

what part of the hypothalamus controls thirst, eating, increased activity level, rage and fighting?

A

lateral hypothalamus

45
Q

what part of the hypothalamus controls satiety and tranquility?

A

ventromedial nucleus

46
Q

what part of the hypothalamus controls fear and punishment reactions?

A

periventricular nucleus or central gray

47
Q

what part of the hypothalamus controls sexual drive?

A

anterior and posterior regions

48
Q

which center is located along the course of the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral and VM of hypothalamus?

A

reward center- positive reinforcement

49
Q

which center is located in the central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius extending into thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

punishment center- negative reinforcement

50
Q

what is a bilateral ablation of the amygdala?

Symptoms include loss of fear, oral fixation, excessive sex drive, diet changes, indifferent to pain

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

51
Q

where is pleasure perceived, addiction present, behavior is pulled forward by pleasure as well as pain?

A

medial forebrain pleasure circuit

52
Q

where are endogenous opiate receptors found?

A

cerebral cortex- LD

amgydala and hypothalamus- HD

53
Q

what constitutes 1/2 the volume of the brain and outnumber neurons 10:1?

A

glial cells

54
Q

what are the 3 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

55
Q

what cells store almost all the glycogen present in brain, can fuel neurons with lactate from glucose, control environment of neurons and transport substances through the blood?

A

astrocytes

56
Q

what cells make and sustain myelin and are involved in pH regulation, iron metabolism?

A

oligodendrocytes

57
Q

what are the macrophages of the CNS, 20% of glia, phagocytic and mediate immune responses in the brain?

A

microglia

physiology final (3 decks)

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