immune

Question 1

what is the study of secreted cell products actions in CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

neuroimmunomodulation

Question 2

activation of SNS inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in?

Answer 2

suppressed immune function

Question 3

what are soluble mediators that are produced by immune cells which modify the proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system?

Answer 3

cytokines

Question 4

activated immune cells can cross the BBB and release what into the brain?

Answer 4

cytokines

Question 5

what is the trio of inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 5

IL-1
IL-6
TNF

Question 6

which interleukin is involved in cell proliferation and fever

Answer 6

IL-1

Question 7

what are all the inflammatory cytokines regulated by?

Answer 7

cortisol

Question 8

what 2 things negate fever producing response of IL-1?

Answer 8

alpha MSH and endogenous IL-1 receptor

Question 9

what are some things that stimulate the production of cytokines?

Answer 9

trauma, infection and inflammation and psychological stressors

Question 10

what produces IL-1?

Answer 10

glial cells and neurons

Question 11

what cytokine is elevated in AIDs and alzheimers and contributes to behavioral disturbances?

Answer 11

IL-1

Question 12

what offsets the negative effects of elevated IL-1?

Answer 12

endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist

Question 13

what down-regulates IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and CRF to help regulate the neuroendocrine axis?

Answer 13

cortisol

Question 14

what is produced by macrophages, mediates inflammation, can suppress thyroid function which can contribute to fatigue and lethargy?

Answer 14

tumor necrosis factor- TNF-a

Question 15

what inhibits TNF?

Answer 15

vagal cholinergic stimulation

Question 16

what suppresses macrophage activation and synthesis of antibodies by B cells?

Answer 16

ACTH

Question 17

what decreases the activity of T cells and natural killer cells?

Answer 17

gonadotropins

Question 18

what inhibits I cell proliferation and inflammatory cascade?

Answer 18

somatostatin and VIP

Question 19

what can increase lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis?

Answer 19

GH and prolactin

Question 20

lymphocytes possess receptors for what products of immune regulation?

Answer 20

VIP
NYP
substance P

Question 21

what is decreased in spinal cord injury patients?

Answer 21

NK cell function
T cell function
CAMs

these all function in immune function and wound healing

Question 22

what coordinates the response to stress through the release of soluble products from the SNS and HPA axis?

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

what can produce neurologically active peptides including ACTH, CRF, GH, thyrotropin, PRL, hCG, endorphins, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin, VIP?

Answer 23

immune cells

Question 24

what are likely important mediators of the HPA response to immune stimuli?

Answer 24

cytokines

Question 25

what are some of the benefits of melatonin?

Answer 25

enhances immune system antioxidant sleep aid lowers cholesterol and BP

Question 26

what is known as reduced visual capacity?

Answer 26

amblyopia

Question 27

what is a nerve growth factor that binds to specific receptors and promotes neuronal survival?

Answer 27

neurotrophin class of neurotrophic factors

Question 28

target tissues play a critical role in regulating the number of surviving neurons by secreting a variety of?

Answer 28

neurotrophic factors

Question 29

elimination of neurotrophic factors and their receptors lead to?

Answer 29

neuronal death- apoptosis

Question 30

transection of the axon

Answer 30

axotomy

Question 31

most injuries in the nervous system involve damage to?

Answer 31

axons

Question 32

with regard to the pleasure circuit of a rat, what projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, striatum, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex?

Answer 32

dopaminergic projections

Question 33

what area (nucleus) is associated with gabaergic projections to the ventral tegmental area?

Answer 33

nucleus accumbens

Question 34

between PNS and CNS, which has better regeneration after injury?

Answer 34

PNS- regenerated axons can form functional nerve endings -neuromuscular junctions, muscle spindles glands etc CNS- little regeneration here and long distance is rare

Question 35

in all 3 divisions of PNS what is reversible in regards to regeneration?

Answer 35

axotomy

Question 36

what is the condition where a patient is unable to independently control digits of hand?

Answer 36

focal hand distonia- fingers moving at high rate for long periods of time

Question 37

even in adults the sensory cortex is constantly?

Answer 37

remodeling

Question 38

what affect synaptogenesis i.e. synapses increased electric activity when adjacent astrocytes stimulate calcium waves?

Answer 38

glia

Question 39

astrocytes communicate among themselves and with neurons with?

Answer 39

Ca++ waves

Question 40

what cells sprout branches that form bridges after nerve damage to guide axons back to injured muscle?

Answer 40

schwann glial cells

Question 41

what glia in CNS are important for pH regulation?

Answer 41

oligodendrocytes

Question 42

what is the neural circuit associated with emotion and higher cognitive function?

Answer 42

Papez ciruit

Question 43

what glia in the CNS function as macrophages in the CNS?

Answer 43

microglia

Question 44

what part of the hypothalamus controls thirst, eating, increased activity level, rage and fighting?

Answer 44

lateral hypothalamus

Question 45

what part of the hypothalamus controls satiety and tranquility?

Answer 45

ventromedial nucleus

Question 46

what part of the hypothalamus controls fear and punishment reactions?

Answer 46

periventricular nucleus or central gray

Question 47

what part of the hypothalamus controls sexual drive?

Answer 47

anterior and posterior regions

Question 48

which center is located along the course of the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral and VM of hypothalamus?

Answer 48

reward center- positive reinforcement

Question 49

which center is located in the central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius extending into thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 49

punishment center- negative reinforcement

Question 50

what is a bilateral ablation of the amygdala? | Symptoms include loss of fear, oral fixation, excessive sex drive, diet changes, indifferent to pain

Answer 50

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Question 51

where is pleasure perceived, addiction present, behavior is pulled forward by pleasure as well as pain?

Answer 51

medial forebrain pleasure circuit

Question 52

where are endogenous opiate receptors found?

Answer 52

cerebral cortex- LD | amgydala and hypothalamus- HD

Question 53

what constitutes 1/2 the volume of the brain and outnumber neurons 10:1?

Answer 53

glial cells

Question 54

what are the 3 types of glial cells?

Answer 54

astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia

Question 55

what cells store almost all the glycogen present in brain, can fuel neurons with lactate from glucose, control environment of neurons and transport substances through the blood?

Answer 55

astrocytes

Question 56

what cells make and sustain myelin and are involved in pH regulation, iron metabolism?

Answer 56

oligodendrocytes

Question 57

what are the macrophages of the CNS, 20% of glia, phagocytic and mediate immune responses in the brain?

Answer 57

microglia