cerebral cortex Flashcards
which layer of the cerebral cortex is mostly axons?
layer 1- molecular
which layer is mostly granule cells?
layer II- external granule
layer IV- main granular
which layer is dominated by pyramidal layers?
layer III- primary
layer V- giant
which layer is dominated by all types of cells, stellate, pyramidal, fusiform?
layer VI- multiform
excitatory granule cells release what neurotransmitter?
glutamate
inhibitory granule cells release what neurotransmitter?
GABA
which cell type is the least numerous of the 3 cell types in the cerebral cortex and gives rise to output fibers from cortex?
fusiform cells
what are the 3 major cell types of cerebral cortex?
pyramidal
granule
fusiform
which cells are a source of corticospinal projections and major efferent cells?
pyramidal cells
most output leaves the cortex via which layers?
V and VI
most incoming sensory signals terminate in which layer?
IV
most intracortical association functions happen in which layers?
I-III
what type of connections are extremely important and extensive in the cerebral cortex?
thalamic connections
which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?
prefrontal association area
what cortical association area is associated with working memory and processing of emotions?
prefrontal association area
what area is involved with the formation of words?
Brocas area
when cells are hyperactive in OCD what area is active?
orbital frontal cortex
what area functions as an error detector- alerting you that something is amiss?
orbital frontal cortex
what area is important for behavior, emotions and motivation?
limbic association area
where is the area for language comprehension?
parieto-occipitotemporal AA
where is the area for naming objects and facial recognition?
parieto-occipitotemporal AA
what area contains Wernickes and the angular gyrus?
parieto-occipitotemporal AA
where is the angular gyrus?
just behind wernickes
what is the condition when a patient sees a close relative and thinks they are an impostor due to lack of emotion evoked by visually seeing them?
capgras syndrome
What area is reciprocally connected with subcortical nuclei like amygdala and hypothalamus, has a high concentration serotonin and operates emotional decision making?
Ventromedial frontal areas
which area is involved with judgement, planning for the future, holding and organizing events from memory?
prefrontal association area
which hemisphere is dominant is 95% of the population?
left hemisphere
which hemisphere is involved with language, spoken and written word, analytical function- math, speech
left- which is usually dominant
which hemisphere is involved in music, non-verbal visual experience, body language, spatial relations
right- usually non-dominant
what allows for bidirectional communication btw most of the 2 cortical hemispheres except for anterior portions of the temporal lobe
corpus callosum- also allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other
what allows for bidirectional communication between anterior portions of the temporal lobe?
anterior commissure
your ability to reconstruct the whole from a degraded fragment is called?
memory
what makes up the allocortex?
archicortex &paleocortex
what percent of the human cerebral cortex is the allocortex?
10%
what other structures does the hippocampal formation contain?
hippocampus
dentate gyrus
subiculum
what are the 3 layers of the hippocampus?
I
V
VI
what are the 3 layers of the dentate gyrus?
I
IV
VI
what is part of the parahippocampal gyrus?
subiculum
what plays an important role in declarative and episodic memory?
hippocampal formation
what are the 2 types of declarative memory?
episodic- every day life
semantic- factual info
parahippocampal regions have bidirectional connections with what?
cerebral cortex
what are principal cells in each of the layers that fire in complex bursts when an animal moves through a specific location in an environment?
hippocampal “place” cells- spatial
the region in which a place cell fires the most is that cell’s?
firing-field or place field
what is an extremely rare phenomenon where a person has total recall of all events they have experienced since about age 10-14 to present
hyperthymestic syndrome
reflexive/ implicit/ skill memory involves?
amygdala and cerebellum- non associative and associative learning
the loss of ability to transfer learning from short term to long term, instantly forgetting daily life incidences and inability to store new long term memories would be from?
bilateral removal of hippocampus
Which layer do spinal cord tracts originate from?
Layer V
Which layer do thalamic connections originate from?
Layer VI
Again, what are some executive functions of the prefrontal association area?
Judgement
Planning for the future
Holding and organizing events from memory
Working memory
What are some functions of the parietal-occipitotemporal AA?
Analysis of spatial coordinates of body
Language comprehension (reading)
Naming objects
Face recognition
Orbital frontal cortex is part of which AA?
Prefrontal association area
