Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

Learning to associate a reflex with new stimulus

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

A new stimulus presented along side the unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

A new stimulus presented alongside unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

The reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

The response that is learnt and now occurs when conditioned stimulus is presented alone

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

A conditioned response dies out

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

A conditioned response that has disappeared, suddenly appears again

Question 8

Generalisation

Answer 8

Conditioned response is produced when similar stimulus to original conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

Conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

Learning that takes place because of consequences of behaviour

Question 11

Law of effect

Answer 11

Behaviours followed by a positive consequence (reward) are likely to be repeated

Question 12

Punishment

Answer 12

A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

A pleasant consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of behaviour being repeated

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

An unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour/action is made, increasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated

Question 16

Behaviour shaping

Answer 16

Involves changing behaviour in small steps using reinforcement

Question 17

Phobia

Answer 17

A persistent and irrational fear of an object/activity/situation
The typical symptoms: intense feelings of fear, anxiety to avoid object/activity/situation

Question 18

Flooding

Answer 18

Treatment for phobias, involved immediate exposure of person to feared object/activity/event until there’s no fear response

Question 19

Systematic desensitisation

Answer 19

Treatment for phobias, person taught to relax and feared object/activity/event is exposed gradually

Question 20

Hierarchy of fears

Answer 20

Series of feared events ranked from least frightened to most frightening

Question 21

Aversion therapy

Answer 21

Treatment for addictions such as drug and alcohol dependency which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to addictive substance

Question 22

Primary reinforcer

Answer 22

Reward such as food/water that the person or animal needs to survive

Question 23

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 23

Reward like money/token that animal or person can exchange for primary reinforcer

Question 24

Learning

Answer 24

A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience