Learning Flashcards
Total time hypothesis
Total amount learned depends on the time spent learning
Ebbinghaus
Ebbinghaus found…
Learning was linearly related to the time spent studying
Ericcson’s challenge to the total time hypothesis
Deliberate practice is needed to become an expert
Structural plasticity
The ability of the brain to undergo structural changes in response to altered environmental demands
Distributed practice
Breaking pratice into a number of shorter lessons
More lessons than with massed practice
leads to faster improvement and lasting retention
Deficient proccesing hypothesis
Paying less attention to recently encountered things
Encoding variability
Remembering is better if encoded under distinct ways
Study phase retrieval hypothesis
Retrieving an older item by studing it strengthens the memory of such item
Testing effect
Long-term memory is enhanced when the learning period is devoted to retrieval
Karpicke and Roediger
Found that repeated testing improves memory
Tests with delayed feedback (or feedback in general) is even better
Pyc and Rawson
Increasing the delay between retrievals enhances test performance
Intrinsic motivation
Gruber
When curious about an answer, you are more likely to remember it later on
ventral tegmental
area and nucleus accumbens
linked to curiosity-driven activity
Reward-based enhancement of memory encoding
Human participants perform better in a learning task when
motivated by extrinsic reward
Naveh-Benjamin and Brubaker…
found that dividing attention at
encoding disrupted later memory
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
enhances encoding activity and makes memory durable
Change blindness
The
failure to detect that a visual
object has moved, changed,
or been replaced by another
object
Sleep dependent triage
sleep improves memory for salient material and facilitates the forgetting of less important
material.
Sleep dependent replay
during sleep, material learned prior to
sleep is often reactivated in the hippocampus,
which is thought to facilitate the consolidation of that content
Bechara
Found that the amygdala is important in human fear conditioning
Amygdala
involved in emotional processing
Patient SM in Bechera’s study
Hippocampus
important
for long-term memory formation
Patient WC in Bechera’s study
Evaluative conditioning
The tendency to one’s liking of a stimulus to be influenced by how frequently it is followed by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli unrelated to it
