Episodic/Semantic memory

Question 1

Bartlett

Answer 1

Assumed schemas use structured knowledge to make sense of new information

Question 2

Carmichael’s study

Answer 2

labels influenced people’s drawings, showed that bias occurs at retrieval not encoding

Question 3

Sulin and Doolings’s study

Answer 3

Schema driven errors are more likely at longer retention intervals

Question 4

Bower, Karlin, Dueck

Answer 4

Interpretive labels greatly improved free recall

Question 5

Serial recall

Answer 5

Recall all the words in the list, in order

Question 6

Associative recall

Answer 6

Strongly related pairs are more memorable

ex: Dog - Bone

Question 7

Free recall

Answer 7

Recall as many words from the list as possible, in any order

Question 8

Paivio

Answer 8

Words rated as being more imageable are more memorable

Question 9

Dual-coding hypothesis

Answer 9

Imageable words can be encoded both in terms of visual appearance and verbal meaning

Paivio

Question 10

Craik & Lockhart

Answer 10

Levels-of-Processing Hypothesis

Question 11

Levels-of-Processing Hypothesis

Answer 11

Most to least effective: Semantic, phonological, visual processing

Question 12

Transfer-Appropriate Processing Principle

Answer 12

he processing requirements of the test should match the processing conditions at encoding in order to reveal prior learning

Question 13

Morris, Bransford, and Franks

Answer 13

It only makes sense to talk about a learning method’s efficiency in the context of the type of final test (standard recognition or rhyming recognition test)

Question 14

Fisher and Craik

Answer 14

emphasized the overall advantage for deeper processing in thier replication of Morris, Bransford, and Franks’s study

Question 15

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 15

Linking material being rehearsed to other
material in memory

Question 16

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 16

Continuing to process an item at the same level at which it was encoded (rote rehearsal)

Question 17

Glenberg, Smith, and Green

Answer 17

simple maintenance rehearsal won’t help long-term recall much as compared to elaborative rehearsal

Question 18

Bower

Answer 18

Recall is much higher when the minerals were organized, as opposed to randomly presented.

Question 19

Mandler

Answer 19

As long as you’re paying attention to the material, intention
doesn’t matter, but level/type of processing does matter

Question 20

Ericsson and Kintsch

Answer 20

Long-term working memory refers to expert long-term knowledge that help in performing specific cognitive tasks.

Question 21

HM

Answer 21

Bilateral hippocampal removal

Question 22

spatial-temporal
context

Answer 22

Episodic memories give when and where context

Question 23

Place cells

Answer 23

Neurons in the hippocampus that respond whenever
an animal or person is in a particular location in a particular environment

Question 24

Time cells

Answer 24

Neurons in the hippocampus that code for particular moments in time

Question 25

This allows us to experience the events of the past

Answer 25

Integrated memory trace together and cortical reinstatement

Question 26

Clayton and Dickinson

Answer 26

Found that scrub jays can hide food (what) and remember the location (where) of the hidden food.

Question 27

systems consolidation

Answer 27

the hippocampus replays the memories in the cortex fostering the creation of direct links between the cortical modules | Memories become hippocamapally independent

Question 28

Integration of episodic memories with schematic knowledge occurs...

Answer 28

between Hippocampus and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Question 29

Morris

Answer 29

Researched consolidation in rats

Question 30

medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

provides a schematic scaffold that integrates cortical modules, rapidly consolidating them

Question 31

anterograde amnesiacs

Answer 31

have profound deficits in episodic memory, only minor (if any) semantic impairments

Question 32

retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

often have a selective deficit in either episodic or semantic memory

Question 33

Semantic Dementia

Answer 33

A progressive neurodegenerative condition involves degeneration of the anterior temporal lobes | Intact episodic memory

Question 34

Renoult

Answer 34

studied the intersection of episodic and semantic memories (autobiographical facts)

Question 35

Semanticization (Robin and Moscovitch)

Answer 35

episodic memories can be transformed into semantic memories over time

Question 36

personal semantics (Tanguay)

Answer 36

Elements of episodic memory and semantic memory are combined to support personal or autobiographical memory

Question 37

Loftus

Answer 37

Category cues presented before letter cues better facilitate retrieval

Question 38

Hierarchical Network Model (Collins & Quillian)

Answer 38

Semantic memory is organized into a series of hierarchical networks

Question 39

Nodes

Answer 39

Represent major concepts on the hierarchical network model | Ex: An animal ## Footnote Properties/features: has wings

Question 40

Typicality effect | what's a weakness of the hierarchical network model

Answer 40

Verification is faster for more representative member categories, independent of hierarchical distance | penguin vs canary

Question 41

Spreading Activation Model (Collins & Loftus)

Answer 41

Assumes semantic memory is organized by semantic relatedness/distance | explains the typicality effect

Question 42

semantic priming

Answer 42

A semantically-related word facilitates the processing/identification of a target word

Question 43

Schacter

Answer 43

Found that participants tend to mistakenly recognize the related word | list: Nurse, sick, patient mistakenly remember seeing the word doctor

Question 44

Rosh

Answer 44

identified three levels of hierarchies in naming objects | superordinate (vague), basic-level, subordinate (specific)

Question 45

Barslow

Answer 45

Concept processing can have perceptual or imaginal quality about it

Question 46

Patterson

Answer 46

Hub and spoke model

Question 47

Hubs

Answer 47

provide an efficient way for integrating our knowledge of any concept | anterior temporal lobe

Question 48

Spokes

Answer 48

where perceptual and motor processing can occur

Question 49

Associative Structure (schemas)

Answer 49

Schemas consist of interconnected units

Question 50

Basis in Multiple episodes (schemas)

Answer 50

Schemas consist of integrated information based on several events

Question 51

Lack of unit detail (schemas)

Answer 51

Schemas are formed from highly variable events

Question 52

Adaptability (schemas)

Answer 52

Schemas change and adapt as they are updated in the context of new events.

Question 53

Frames

Answer 53

Knowledge structures referring to some aspect of the world containing fixed structural information and slots for variable information