Exam 3

Question 1

Brown and Mcneil

Answer 1

Better at remembering associated information than producing the actual word

Question 2

Mangels

Answer 2

Patients with damage to the pre-frontal cortex had deficits in free and cued recall

Question 3

Content addressable memory

Answer 3

Ability to locate and access a complete memory using only a subset of the target’s attributes as a cue

Question 4

Target memory trace

Answer 4

The particular memory we’re seeking

Question 5

Activation level

Answer 5

the accessibility of the item

Question 6

Spreading activation

Answer 6

The automatic transmission of “energy” from one memory to related items

“Cat” may activate “milk”

Question 7

Feature

Answer 7

Components that assemble memories

Question 8

Pattern completion

Answer 8

A feature that represents a memory spreads activation until that memory is retrieved

Question 9

Cue maintenance

Answer 9

Process of sustaining cues in working memory

Question 10

interference resolution processes

Answer 10

Help resole interference from competing memories

Question 11

Post-retrieval monitoring

Answer 11

Is what we remembered what I wanted to remember?

Question 12

Cortical reinstatement

Answer 12

Activate hippocampal traces and binds features to memory outputs

Question 13

Fernandez and Moscovitch

Answer 13

Words will interfere with encoding

Question 14

Divided attention

Answer 14

Negatively affects retrieval success, especially sementic tasks

Question 15

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 15

Retrieval cues are most effective when they are strongly related to the target

Question 16

Tulving and Osler

Answer 16

Cue words significantly increase target recall

Question 17

Anderson and Pritchert

Answer 17

Memory is influenced by the perspective taken at encoding and recall

Question 18

Explicit memory tests

Answer 18

Free recall, cued recall, recognition tests

Question 19

Implicit memory tests

Answer 19

Repetition priming, cryptomnesia

Question 20

Question cues

Answer 20

retrieval cues specific to the conditions under encoding

Question 21

Environmental context-dependent memory

Answer 21

reinstaes the original encoding environment and facilitiates retrieval

Question 22

Godden and Baddeley

Answer 22

Divers were tested, showed that memory retrieval is best in the learning environment

Question 23

Smith and Vela

Answer 23

Incidental context effects reduced if individual focuses inward rather than to the environment

Question 24

Bouton and Moody

Answer 24

Renewal effect - return of fear in a new environment (after exposure therapy)

Question 25

State dependency

Answer 25

Recall partially depends on the match between the learner's internal environment at encoding/retrieval

Question 26

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 26

Recall easier when the emotional tone matches the current mood

Question 27

Mood-dependent memory

Answer 27

Recall is dependent on the match in mood between encoding and retrieval

Question 28

Eich, Macaulay, and Ryan

Answer 28

Free recall vastly improved when mood states matched

Question 29

Marian and Neisser

Answer 29

Bilinguals have two language modes in which memories are stored

Question 30

Reconstructive memory

Answer 30

Active and inferential process of retrieval whereby gaps in memory are filled in based on prior experience, logic, and goals

Question 31

Dooling and Christiaansen

Answer 31

Memory may be reconstructed based on schemas | Helen keller cue resulted in reconstruction

Question 32

Recognition memory

Answer 32

The ability to correctly decide whether one has previously encountered a stimulus in a particular context

Question 33

Signal detection theory

Answer 33

A model for explaining recognition memory. Hits, correct rejections, false alarms, misses

Question 34

Word frequency effect

Answer 34

Low frequency words are better recognized

Question 35

Tulving

Answer 35

Remember/Know procedure where participants decide whether they recognize an item

Question 36

Process dissociation procedure

Answer 36

A technique for parceling out the contributions of recollection and familiarity within a recognition task

Question 37

Inclusion condition

Answer 37

Correct recognition = recollection +familiarity

Question 38

Exlusion condition

Answer 38

Familiarity = false alarms in exlusion condition

Question 39

Source monitoring

Answer 39

Examining the contextual origins of a memory

Question 40

Misattribution error

Answer 40

misattribute their recollection from one source of another

Question 41

Hyperthysmestic syndrome

Answer 41

uncontrollable remembering

Question 42

Forgetting curve

Answer 42

Ebbinghaus, relationship betwen time and retention

Question 43

Meeter, Murre, janssen

Answer 43

Recall for events shows a steep initial drop followed by a slower forgetting rate

Question 44

Bahrick, Bahrick, and Wittlinger

Answer 44

Recall of personal material follows the forgetting curve

Question 45

Bahrick

Answer 45

Permastore: memories become impervious to further forgetting

Question 46

Availability

Answer 46

Whether or not an item is in the memory store

Question 47

Accessibility

Answer 47

Whether the memory can be retrieved

Question 48

trace decay

Answer 48

Gradual decay of memories resulting from the passage of time

Question 49

Interference

Answer 49

When a cue becomes associated with other memories

Question 50

Competition assumption

Answer 50

A cue activates all of its associates to some degree

Question 51

Cue-overload principle

Answer 51

The tendency for recal to decrease with the number of to-be-remembered items paired with the same cue

Question 52

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 52

Forgetting was due to interference rather than trace decay | Rugby players and who they've played against

Question 53

Part-set cuing impairment

Answer 53

target recall impaired by the provision of retrieval cues drawn from the same set of items

Question 54

Slamecka

Answer 54

Providing competitor items reduced recall of the target item

Question 55

Collaborative inhibition

Answer 55

tendency for groups to remember less material together than individually

Question 56

Retrieval induced forgetting

Answer 56

tendency for the retrieval of some items to impair the recall of other related items

Question 57

Associative blocking

Answer 57

When a cue fails to elicit a target because it elicits a stronger competitor

Question 58

Strength-dependence

Answer 58

Interference should increase with the strength of the cue-competitor associated

Question 59

Cue-dependence

Answer 59

Forgetting is related to the dominance of the cue-item association

Question 60

Associative unlearning (melton and Irwin)

Answer 60

The bond linking a stimulus to a memory trace is punished after being retrieved inappropriately

Question 61

Cue-dependence

Answer 61

the damage is done to the association between the cue and item

Question 62

Inhibition

Answer 62

A reduction in the activity level of a contextually inappropriate response

Question 63

Psychogenic Amnesia

Answer 63

Profound forgetting that is psychological in origin for major periods of one's life

Question 64

Item-method directed forgetting (Basden and Basden)

Answer 64

Differences in encoding from either remembering or forgetting instructions

Question 65

Encoding suppression process

Answer 65

Inhibit the prefrontal cortex on hippocampal processes

Question 66

Gieselman, Bjork, Fishman

Answer 66

Forgetting appears on implicit tests (list-method directed forgetting)

Question 67

Joslyn and Oakes

Answer 67

Forgetting instructions resulted in poorer memory | Diary

Question 68

retrieval inhibition hypothesis

Answer 68

forget instructions reduces the activation of memories

Question 69

Context shift hypothesis

Answer 69

Forget instructions may involve inhibition of inwanted text

Question 70

Sahakyan and Kelley

Answer 70

Part of directed-forgetting effects arise from a shift in mental context

Question 71

Behavioral control

Answer 71

Ability to initiate, discontinue, or prevent motor actions

Question 72

Go/No-go task

Answer 72

measures inhibitory control (behavioral control)

Question 73

Cognitive control

Answer 73

The ability to flexibly control thoughts in accordance with our goals

Question 74

Think/No-think task

Answer 74

Measures inhibitory control over memory (cognitive control)

Question 75

Anderson and Green

Answer 75

total control effect: control over memory yiels lasting retrieval positive control effect: reminders facilitate memories negative control effect: reminders with an intention to suppress inhibit memories