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Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Type of learning process in which behaviour is modified by the consequence following the behaviour

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Type of unconscious or automatic learning

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3
Q

How does Classical Conditioning work?

A

Learning where a conditioned response occurs due to a relationship between unconditioned stimuli with neutral stimuli

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4
Q

Observational Conditioning

A

Type of learning that happens indirectly through watching others

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5
Q

Personal Difference in Learning

A

People learn in different ways

There are many factors that influence the learning process

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)

A

Promotes an innate or automatic response from test subjects

The response is natural to the stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned Stimuli (CS)

A

The neutral stimulus that has now elicited a response

Occurs after conditioning has occurred

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8
Q

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

A

A stimulus that at first does not elicit a response

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9
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Neutral stimulus (now conditioned) results in an action/behaviour

Occurs after conditioning

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10
Q

Little Albert

A

Watson & Raynor investigated if fear could be a learned response through classical conditioning principles.

A baby was conditioned to fear white rats.

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11
Q

Stimulus Generalisation

A

The ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations.

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12
Q

When does Stimulus Generalisation Occur?

A

Occurs when the conditioned response is elicited on the presentation of another similar stimulus other than the conditioned stimulus.

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13
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Occurs when a subject responds to the conditioned stimulus only, not any other similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

What happens during the Acquisition Stage?

A

Subjects learn to link the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus

Form association between the neutral and unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

What is the Acquisition Stage?

A

Acquisition is the learning process in which the response is established

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16
Q

Performance Stage

A

Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer required to be present for the conditioned response to occur

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17
Q

Contiguity (Classical)

A

Is the timing of the stimulus being presented in order for the conditioning to occur.

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18
Q

Contingency (Classical)

A

Is the relationship between stimulus and expectation that one’s comes with the other

The predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus to another

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19
Q

Extinction

A

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is continually presented without the unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

Preparedness (Classical)

A

The predisposition humans and animals have to avoid harm

Psychologists believe humans and animals are biologically programmed to form associations between stimuli that threaten survival or expose them to harm

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21
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Occurs after an interval where the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus are reintroduced

The conditioned stimulus will elicit the conditioned response

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22
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Taught animals to perform voluntary behaviours

Used reinforcement with food

Found reinforced behaviour is strengthened while behaviour not reinforced weakens

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23
Q

Skinner Box

A

A small box that excluded external stimuli

Contained a lever that when pressed food was presented

Tested small animals by reinforcing their positive behaviour and minimising negative

24
Q

Reinforcement

A

Describes what happens when behaviour is strengthened

Any stimuli that strengthens or increases likelihood for response happening again

25
Q

Punishment

A

Weakens, stops or eliminates behaviour

Any stimulus that weakens or decreases likelihood of a response happening again

26
Q

Contingency (Operant)

A

Relationship between a behaviour and consequence

To be efficient, consequences must be consistent and appropriate

27
Q

Contiguity (Operant)

A

Time between when behaviour is made, and consequences occurs

Shorter intervals produce faster learning

28
Q

Systematic Desensitisation

A

Behaviour therapy technique

Method for treating phobias or fears

29
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Behaviour is rewarded every time the behaviour is performed

Learning is fastest but extinction is more likely

29
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Two types: positive and negative

Positive reinforcement is most useful when trying to shape behaviour

Two types of positive reinforcement are: partial and continuous

30
Q

Shaping

A

A successful way of learning increasingly complex behaviours using positive reinforcement

Done by rewarding small steps

Basic skill is built upon to become complex

31
Q

Interval Reinforcement

A

Time intervals, e.g., minutes

31
Q

Preparedness (Operant)

A

Animals and humans learn and retain behaviours most easily when they are tied/linked to their biological predisposition

32
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Some of the desired behaviors are reinforced

33
Q

Ratio Reinforcement

A

Number ratios, e.g., every 3 times

33
Q

Fixed Reinforcement

A

Predictable intervals, e.g., after every 3 minutes

34
Q

Variable Reinforcement

A

Random intervals, e.g., whenever

35
Q

Behaviour Modification

A

Changing/modifying behaviours

Uses therapy techniques

Doesn’t use punishment

36
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Placebo is a treatment that does not have any active ingredients/stimuli

Is often used as a baseline for research

37
Q

Mirror Cells

A

Gives meaning to monkey see monkey do

Does action neuron fires, sees action neuron fires

38
Q

Factors that Affect Observational Learning

A
  • Behaviour
  • Environmental factors
  • Personal factors
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation
39
Q

Attention

A

An individual notices something in the environment

40
Q

Retention

A

An individual remembers what was noticed

41
Q

What is the Bobo Doll experiment?

A

Albert Bandura investigated if aggression could be learned by observing.

41
Q

Reproduction

A

An individual produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed

42
Q

Motivation

A

The environment delivers a consequence that changes the probability that behaviour will be produced again

43
Q

Role Model

A

Essential for development

Bandura’s research found modelling was higher if the sex of the model and sex of the learner was the same

44
Q

What did children witness in the Bobo Doll experiment?

A

Children were individually shown into a room containing toys where adults physically and verbally abused fake dolls.

45
Q

What did children do after witnessing the aggression in the Bobo Doll experiment?

A

The children then copied the actions of the adult after being removed from the room with the toys.

46
Q

Personal Characteristics

A

Relate to the demographic of a person

Age, gender, personality, culture etc.

46
Q

Ways of Learning

A

3 universal ways that people learn

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning

47
Q

Academic Characteristics

A

Relate to education and formal learning

Learning styles, goals, prior knowledge etc.

48
Q

Social/Emotional Characteristics

A

Relate to the group or individual

Group structure, self-image, relationships, mood, etc.

49
Q

Cognitive Characteristics

A

Relate to the function of the brain

Attention span, memory, problem solving skills, etc.

50
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A

Stems from the original learning of the behaviour

Aims to change thought patterns, attitudes, conscious and unconscious beliefs and behaviour

Psychology (3 decks)

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