learning

Question 1

classical conditioning

describe each part of equation then some key terms

Answer 1

• UCS is something that naturally leads to an innate response, which is the UCR.
• the UCS is paired with a NS which is something that doesn’t naturally lead to a response.
• if paired with the UCS enough, the NS will become the CS which leads to the CR.
• generalisation is when similar stimuli to the CS also lead to the CR.
• discrimination is when you only respond to the exact CS and nothing else.
• extinction is the loss of a CR / unlearned.
• spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinct response returns.

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

• positive reinforcement: given something so you repeat
• negative reinforcement: avoid being given a punishment so you repeat
• positive punishment: given something so you don’t repeat
• negative punishment: something taken away so you don’t repeat
• continuous reinforcement: constantly being reinforced to make you repeat (rewarded every time)
• fixed ratio: rewarded after a set number of repetitions (free coffee stamp card)
• variable ratio: rewarded after repetitions (number changes)
• fixed interval: rewarded over a set amount of time
• variable interval: rewarded after variable amount of time
• shaping: reward desired behaviour and similar behaviours then gradually remove reward for similar behaviours until you only get the exact desired behaviour

Question 3

social learning theory

Answer 3

• ATTENTION to the role model, behaviour and the consequence of this behaviour
  
  • role model is someone you look up to / identify with
• RETENTION is remembering the behaviour and the reward
• REPRODUCE the behaviour observed from the role model
• MOTIVATION to get the same reward as the role model (vicarious reinforcement)
  - extrinsic: external e.g. money
  - intrinsic: internal e.g. feel good

Question 4

flooding

Answer 4

• teach client relaxation techniques (e.g. deep breathing)
• based on reciprocal inhibition: can’t feel fear and calm at the same time, body can’t stay in heightened fear state forever
• client is exposed to phobic stimulus directly and uses relaxation techniques they’ve learned
• eventually will calm down and replace fear response with a calm response

Question 5

systematic desensitisation

Answer 5

• teach client relaxation techniques (e.g. deep breathing)
• client and therapist work together to create a fear hierarchy, which breaks down the phobic stimulus e.g. ‘picture’ ‘holding spider’
• work through fear hierarchy step by step, doing relaxation techniques each time
• only progress up fear hierarchy when fully comfortable with current stage