Learning Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Learning
Unlearned behaviors due to evolution Ex-Bears hibernating
Instinct
Learning that certain events occur together; these events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
Associative Learning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Classical conditioning
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Only occurs in classical conditioning
Respondent Behavior
In classical conditioning its the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning a stimulus that has no effect on the subject
Neutral Stimulus
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus, the CS *remember the NS always becomes the CS
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus (NS) that after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a CR *remember the UCR always becomes the CR the only difference is what you are responding to
Conditioned Stimulus
The process of learning a conditioned response
Acquisition
A procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (and often weaker) CS. Also known as second order conditioning
Higher-order Conditioning
The process of unlearning or removing a conditioned association. In classical conditioning this occurs when the link between the CS and the UCS no longer exists. In operant conditioning, this occurs when a response is no longer reinforced
Extinction
The reappearance, after a break, of an extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. For example, being afraid for any dog ever after you were bitten by one
Generalization
In classical conditions, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS. In operant conditions, the ability to respond differently to stimuli that signal a certain behavior as to whether or not it will be reinforced. For example being afraid of all big dogs after being bitten by a Rottweiler
Discrimination
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. Founded by John Garcia
Taste aversion
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2. John Watson was the father of this
Behaviorism
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant conditioning
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Operant behavior
E.L Thorndikes principle principle that states behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences will be diminished
Law of effect
A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer that can record the animals rate of bar or key pressing
Operant Chamber aka Skinner Box
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Discriminative stimulus
Any consequence that strengthens a behavior
Reinforcer
Increasing behaviors by reducing an aversive stimulus, such as putting up your unbrella so you don’t get wet when its raining
Negative reinforcement
Preferred behaviors can be used to reinforce unpreferred behaviors. Ex; in order to eat dessert, you must eat your broccoli first
Pre Mack Principle
reinforcement which is received indirectly by another person who is being reinforced Ex; seeing your brother praised for cleaning his room, so you clean your room
Vicarious Reinforcement
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, like eating when hungry
Primary reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, like choosing o go out to moe’s to eat when hungry instead of eating a carrot at home
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
Collecting tickets or tokens for good behavior that can be traded in for prizes or privileges at a later date
Token Economy
A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior Ex; a waitress getting tips
immediate reinforcer
A reinforcer that is not given immediately after a certain behavior Ex; getting a weekly paycheck
Delayed reinforcer
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Ex; training an animal you give it a treat it does something right, however extinction can be quick
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement Ex; slot machines- you don’t know when you are going to win so you keep playing
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Ex; you have a Starbucks gold car, you get a free drink after every 12 purchased
Fixed-ratio schedule (VR)
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Ex; having a competition at the GAP to see who sells that most amount of jeans ina period of time. You don’t know how many you have to sell, you only know you have to sell the most
Variable ratio schedule (VR)
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Ex; checking to see if your cookies are finished baking when the cooking time is between 10 and 12 minutes. You know there is a set time
Fixed-interval schedule (FI)
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Ex; not knowing wen a friend is going to text you so you keep checking your phone
Variable interval schedule (VI)
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Punishment
Administering an aversive stimulus, such as spanking
Positive punishment
Taking away a desirable stimulus
Negative Punishment
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
A sudden and often novel realization of a solution to a problem
Insight
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do and then losing interest in it
Overjustification effect
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Extrinsic motivation
Learning by observing others, also called social learning
Observational learning
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
Mirror Neurons
Negative, destructive behavior that goes against the norms of society
Antisocial Behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
Pro social Behavior
A Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning. He conducted one of psychology’s most famous experiments in which he classically conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a tuning bell. He set the foundation for the study of behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
Thought that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influence are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. Little Albert experiment with white rats
John Watson
Classically conditioned rats to avoid saccharin flavored water after injecting them with a nausea producing drug. He said you only need to be classically conditioned one time when it comes to biology. He also said you can have a time lapse between the NS and the UCS
John Garcia
The psychologist on who skinner based his work. He developed the law of effect
Edward Thorndike
A leading behaviorist who studied how consequences shape behavior. Reinforcement strengthens wanted behaviors while punishment diminishes unwanted behaviors
B. F Skinner
Studied learned helplessness with dogs
Martin Seligamn
Developed the different types of parenting styles
Diana Baumrind
Ran an experiment with rats resting latent learning and cognitive maps on a maze
Edward Tolman
Studied sultan the chimp and insight
Wolfgang Kohler
The pioneering researcher of observational learning that included his bobo doll experiment
Albert bandura
