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AP Psych > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

Unlearned behaviors due to evolution Ex-Bears hibernating

A

Instinct

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3
Q

Learning that certain events occur together; these events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

A

Associative Learning

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4
Q

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Only occurs in classical conditioning

A

Respondent Behavior

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6
Q

In classical conditioning its the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

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7
Q

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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8
Q

In classical conditioning a stimulus that has no effect on the subject

A

Neutral Stimulus

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9
Q

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus, the CS *remember the NS always becomes the CS

A

Conditioned response

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10
Q

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus (NS) that after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a CR *remember the UCR always becomes the CR the only difference is what you are responding to

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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11
Q

The process of learning a conditioned response

A

Acquisition

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12
Q

A procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (and often weaker) CS. Also known as second order conditioning

A

Higher-order Conditioning

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13
Q

The process of unlearning or removing a conditioned association. In classical conditioning this occurs when the link between the CS and the UCS no longer exists. In operant conditioning, this occurs when a response is no longer reinforced

A

Extinction

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14
Q

The reappearance, after a break, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

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15
Q

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. For example, being afraid for any dog ever after you were bitten by one

A

Generalization

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16
Q

In classical conditions, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS. In operant conditions, the ability to respond differently to stimuli that signal a certain behavior as to whether or not it will be reinforced. For example being afraid of all big dogs after being bitten by a Rottweiler

A

Discrimination

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17
Q

A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. Founded by John Garcia

A

Taste aversion

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18
Q

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2. John Watson was the father of this

A

Behaviorism

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19
Q

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

A

Operant conditioning

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20
Q

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

A

Operant behavior

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21
Q

E.L Thorndikes principle principle that states behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences will be diminished

A

Law of effect

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22
Q

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer that can record the animals rate of bar or key pressing

A

Operant Chamber aka Skinner Box

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23
Q

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

Shaping

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24
Q

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

A

Discriminative stimulus

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25
Q

Any consequence that strengthens a behavior

A

Reinforcer

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26
Q

Increasing behaviors by reducing an aversive stimulus, such as putting up your unbrella so you don’t get wet when its raining

A

Negative reinforcement

27
Q

Preferred behaviors can be used to reinforce unpreferred behaviors. Ex; in order to eat dessert, you must eat your broccoli first

A

Pre Mack Principle

28
Q

reinforcement which is received indirectly by another person who is being reinforced Ex; seeing your brother praised for cleaning his room, so you clean your room

A

Vicarious Reinforcement

29
Q

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, like eating when hungry

A

Primary reinforcer

30
Q

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, like choosing o go out to moe’s to eat when hungry instead of eating a carrot at home

A

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

31
Q

Collecting tickets or tokens for good behavior that can be traded in for prizes or privileges at a later date

A

Token Economy

32
Q

A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior Ex; a waitress getting tips

A

immediate reinforcer

33
Q

A reinforcer that is not given immediately after a certain behavior Ex; getting a weekly paycheck

A

Delayed reinforcer

34
Q

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Ex; training an animal you give it a treat it does something right, however extinction can be quick

A

Continuous reinforcement

35
Q

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement Ex; slot machines- you don’t know when you are going to win so you keep playing

A

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

36
Q

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Ex; you have a Starbucks gold car, you get a free drink after every 12 purchased

A

Fixed-ratio schedule (VR)

37
Q

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Ex; having a competition at the GAP to see who sells that most amount of jeans ina period of time. You don’t know how many you have to sell, you only know you have to sell the most

A

Variable ratio schedule (VR)

38
Q

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Ex; checking to see if your cookies are finished baking when the cooking time is between 10 and 12 minutes. You know there is a set time

A

Fixed-interval schedule (FI)

39
Q

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Ex; not knowing wen a friend is going to text you so you keep checking your phone

A

Variable interval schedule (VI)

40
Q

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

A

Punishment

41
Q

Administering an aversive stimulus, such as spanking

A

Positive punishment

42
Q

Taking away a desirable stimulus

A

Negative Punishment

43
Q

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

A

Cognitive map

44
Q

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

A

Latent learning

45
Q

A sudden and often novel realization of a solution to a problem

A

Insight

46
Q

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do and then losing interest in it

A

Overjustification effect

47
Q

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

Intrinsic motivation

48
Q

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

A

Extrinsic motivation

49
Q

Learning by observing others, also called social learning

A

Observational learning

50
Q

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

A

Modeling

51
Q

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

A

Mirror Neurons

52
Q

Negative, destructive behavior that goes against the norms of society

A

Antisocial Behavior

53
Q

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

A

Pro social Behavior

54
Q

A Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning. He conducted one of psychology’s most famous experiments in which he classically conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a tuning bell. He set the foundation for the study of behaviorism

A

Ivan Pavlov

55
Q

Thought that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influence are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. Little Albert experiment with white rats

A

John Watson

56
Q

Classically conditioned rats to avoid saccharin flavored water after injecting them with a nausea producing drug. He said you only need to be classically conditioned one time when it comes to biology. He also said you can have a time lapse between the NS and the UCS

A

John Garcia

57
Q

The psychologist on who skinner based his work. He developed the law of effect

A

Edward Thorndike

58
Q

A leading behaviorist who studied how consequences shape behavior. Reinforcement strengthens wanted behaviors while punishment diminishes unwanted behaviors

A

B. F Skinner

59
Q

Studied learned helplessness with dogs

A

Martin Seligamn

60
Q

Developed the different types of parenting styles

A

Diana Baumrind

61
Q

Ran an experiment with rats resting latent learning and cognitive maps on a maze

A

Edward Tolman

62
Q

Studied sultan the chimp and insight

A

Wolfgang Kohler

63
Q

The pioneering researcher of observational learning that included his bobo doll experiment

A

Albert bandura

AP Psych (3 decks)

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