Learning

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Unlearned behaviors due to evolution Ex-Bears hibernating

Answer 2

Instinct

Question 3

Learning that certain events occur together; these events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Answer 3

Associative Learning

Question 4

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Only occurs in classical conditioning

Answer 5

Respondent Behavior

Question 6

In classical conditioning its the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Unconditioned response

Question 7

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Answer 7

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 8

In classical conditioning a stimulus that has no effect on the subject

Answer 8

Neutral Stimulus

Question 9

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus, the CS *remember the NS always becomes the CS

Answer 9

Conditioned response

Question 10

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus (NS) that after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a CR *remember the UCR always becomes the CR the only difference is what you are responding to

Answer 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 11

The process of learning a conditioned response

Answer 11

Acquisition

Question 12

A procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (and often weaker) CS. Also known as second order conditioning

Answer 12

Higher-order Conditioning

Question 13

The process of unlearning or removing a conditioned association. In classical conditioning this occurs when the link between the CS and the UCS no longer exists. In operant conditioning, this occurs when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

The reappearance, after a break, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. For example, being afraid for any dog ever after you were bitten by one

Answer 15

Generalization

Question 16

In classical conditions, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS. In operant conditions, the ability to respond differently to stimuli that signal a certain behavior as to whether or not it will be reinforced. For example being afraid of all big dogs after being bitten by a Rottweiler

Answer 16

Discrimination

Question 17

A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. Founded by John Garcia

Answer 17

Taste aversion

Question 18

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2. John Watson was the father of this

Answer 18

Behaviorism

Question 19

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 19

Operant conditioning

Question 20

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 20

Operant behavior

Question 21

E.L Thorndikes principle principle that states behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences will be diminished

Answer 21

Law of effect

Question 22

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer that can record the animals rate of bar or key pressing

Answer 22

Operant Chamber aka Skinner Box

Question 23

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 23

Shaping

Question 24

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 24

Discriminative stimulus

Question 25

Any consequence that strengthens a behavior

Answer 25

Reinforcer

Question 26

Increasing behaviors by reducing an aversive stimulus, such as putting up your unbrella so you don’t get wet when its raining

Answer 26

Negative reinforcement

Question 27

Preferred behaviors can be used to reinforce unpreferred behaviors. Ex; in order to eat dessert, you must eat your broccoli first

Answer 27

Pre Mack Principle

Question 28

reinforcement which is received indirectly by another person who is being reinforced Ex; seeing your brother praised for cleaning his room, so you clean your room

Answer 28

Vicarious Reinforcement

Question 29

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, like eating when hungry

Answer 29

Primary reinforcer

Question 30

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, like choosing o go out to moe’s to eat when hungry instead of eating a carrot at home

Answer 30

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

Question 31

Collecting tickets or tokens for good behavior that can be traded in for prizes or privileges at a later date

Answer 31

Token Economy

Question 32

A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior Ex; a waitress getting tips

Answer 32

immediate reinforcer

Question 33

A reinforcer that is not given immediately after a certain behavior Ex; getting a weekly paycheck

Answer 33

Delayed reinforcer

Question 34

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Ex; training an animal you give it a treat it does something right, however extinction can be quick

Answer 34

Continuous reinforcement

Question 35

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement Ex; slot machines- you don’t know when you are going to win so you keep playing

Answer 35

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Question 36

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Ex; you have a Starbucks gold car, you get a free drink after every 12 purchased

Answer 36

Fixed-ratio schedule (VR)

Question 37

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Ex; having a competition at the GAP to see who sells that most amount of jeans ina period of time. You don’t know how many you have to sell, you only know you have to sell the most

Answer 37

Variable ratio schedule (VR)

Question 38

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Ex; checking to see if your cookies are finished baking when the cooking time is between 10 and 12 minutes. You know there is a set time

Answer 38

Fixed-interval schedule (FI)

Question 39

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Ex; not knowing wen a friend is going to text you so you keep checking your phone

Answer 39

Variable interval schedule (VI)

Question 40

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Answer 40

Punishment

Question 41

Administering an aversive stimulus, such as spanking

Answer 41

Positive punishment

Question 42

Taking away a desirable stimulus

Answer 42

Negative Punishment

Question 43

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Answer 43

Cognitive map

Question 44

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 44

Latent learning

Question 45

A sudden and often novel realization of a solution to a problem

Answer 45

Insight

Question 46

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do and then losing interest in it

Answer 46

Overjustification effect

Question 47

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 47

Intrinsic motivation

Question 48

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 48

Extrinsic motivation

Question 49

Learning by observing others, also called social learning

Answer 49

Observational learning

Question 50

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 50

Modeling

Question 51

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 51

Mirror Neurons

Question 52

Negative, destructive behavior that goes against the norms of society

Answer 52

Antisocial Behavior

Question 53

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Answer 53

Pro social Behavior

Question 54

A Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning. He conducted one of psychology’s most famous experiments in which he classically conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a tuning bell. He set the foundation for the study of behaviorism

Answer 54

Ivan Pavlov

Question 55

Thought that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influence are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. Little Albert experiment with white rats

Answer 55

John Watson

Question 56

Classically conditioned rats to avoid saccharin flavored water after injecting them with a nausea producing drug. He said you only need to be classically conditioned one time when it comes to biology. He also said you can have a time lapse between the NS and the UCS

Answer 56

John Garcia

Question 57

The psychologist on who skinner based his work. He developed the law of effect

Answer 57

Edward Thorndike

Question 58

A leading behaviorist who studied how consequences shape behavior. Reinforcement strengthens wanted behaviors while punishment diminishes unwanted behaviors

Answer 58

B. F Skinner

Question 59

Studied learned helplessness with dogs

Answer 59

Martin Seligamn

Question 60

Developed the different types of parenting styles

Answer 60

Diana Baumrind

Question 61

Ran an experiment with rats resting latent learning and cognitive maps on a maze

Answer 61

Edward Tolman

Question 62

Studied sultan the chimp and insight

Answer 62

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 63

The pioneering researcher of observational learning that included his bobo doll experiment

Answer 63

Albert bandura