Learning Flashcards
What is a reflex?
motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus.
what is an Instinct?
– behaviors triggered by a broader range of events (e.g., aging, change of seasons).
What is Classical Conditioning?
There are 4 types
When a neutral stimulus becomes associated
with a stimulus that produces a reflexive
behavior.
What is an unconditioned Stimulus?
a stimulus that leads to an automatic response
what is an unconditioned Response?
an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response.
What is a Conditioned Response?
The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
_ occurs when similar CSs
elicit the same CR.
Stimulus generalization
What is Stimulus generalization?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a person or animal starts responding to one stimulus, then multiple stimuli, in a similar manner
_occurs when one exhibits
a particular CR only to certain stimuli, but not to
similar others
Stimulus discrimination
Operant Conditioning
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior ( learning by outcome)
What is Reinforcement?
Any event that increases the future
probability a behavior will occur. Can be positive or negative.
What is positive reinforcement?
Bringing good things to an organism so they behave, money food, etc.
giving a child a treat when he or she is polite to a stranger is an example of what?
positive reinforcement
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Taking bad things from an organism
Getting up from bed to avoid the noisy alarm is an example of what?
Negative Reinforcement
what is Punishment?
DECREASES the probability of a response over time
What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
reinforcement increases the probability of a response while punishment decreases it.
What is Positive Punishment?
punishing a response by adding or experiencing an
unpleasantstimulus
Example of Positive Punishment?
adding more chores to the list when your child neglects their responsibilities.
What is negative Punishment?
Punishing a response by removing a pleasurable
stimulus
Example of negative Punishment?
Did not do the chores so cannot go out with friends like planned.
what is an interval?
over a period of time
What is a ratio?
– Number of Responses
Variable ratio (VR)?
Slot machine, varying numbers/outcomes
Variable interval (VI)?
– Catching fish- unpredictable
Fixed ratio (FR)?
– $20 for making 5
products
Fixed Interval (FI)?
– Monthly paycheck
What is Latent Learning?
Learning that is hidden until it becomes useful
Learning new behavior by watching someone else is what?
Observational Learning
