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Psych 109 Exam > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

A long lasting change in behavior caused by the environment

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2
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

proposed by Thorndike

a response followed by a favourable consequence will be more likely to occur again

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3
Q

What is a response?

A

an item of behaviour

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4
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

a favourable consequence

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5
Q

What does the law of effect say will happen?

A

A response followed by a reinforcer will increase where all other unsuccessful responses will decrease and disappear

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6
Q

What is an experimental chamber?

A

A chamber where controlled experiments on animals occur

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7
Q

What is needed in a control environment?

A 
a response (the bar to be pulled)
a reinforcer (the food)
a stimuli (the sound of the hopper)
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8
Q

What is operant or instrumental behaviour?

A

behaviour key to the law of effect

operant behaviour is behaviour controlled by its own consequences

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9
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

learn an association between a response and its consequence

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10
Q

What is a contingency?

A

the response causes the reinforcer. Or the reinforcer is contingent on the response

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11
Q

What is shaping?

A

the method of successive approximations.

Reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the response that we want.

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12
Q

What are some hints for shaping?

A

identify a suitable reinforcer
reinforce as immediately as possible
too many reinforcers and the animal will satiate

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13
Q

What is postive reinforcement?

A

The adding of a favourable event

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14
Q

What is a postivie contingency?

A

if the event is presented

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15
Q

What is a negative contingency?

A

If the event is withdrawn

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16
Q

What is punishment?

A

an adversive event. event is less likely to occur

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17
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

a favourable event. event is more likely to occur

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18
Q

Escape and avoidance are two types of what?

A

negative reinforcement

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19
Q

What is escape?

A

response terminates ongoing event

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20
Q

What is avoidance?

A

response prevents onset of aversive event

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21
Q

What is the Miller-Mowrer box?

A

the box where the dog jumps to avoid getting shocked. initially escape but as he learns it becomes avoidance

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22
Q

What is the avoidance paradox?

A

Where youre not really avoiding the consequence but you’re avoiding the conditioned anxiety that comes with the consequence

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23
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

reinforce behaviour because of their innate biological significance

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24
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

previously neutral stimuli that have acquired reinforcing properties by being paired with primary reinforcers in the organism’s history. Also called conditioned reinforcers because reinforcing property is learned not innate.

25
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

every response is reinforced

26
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

not continuous. usually adhering to a schedule of reinforcement. Invented by skinner so he could go away for the weekend

27
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

responding maintained by intermittent reinforcement persists much longer during extinction than one maintained by continuous reinforcement

28
Q

What are schedules of reinforcement?

A

rules that specify when a response will be reinforced

29
Q

What is a ratio schedule?

A

a schedule based on the number of responses emitted

30
Q

What is an interval schedule?

A

A schedule based on the time thats lapsed.

31
Q

What is a cumulative record?

A

a graph showing the different patterns of learning behaviour based on the schedule used

32
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement is contingent on the last of a fixed number of responses emitted since the last reinforcer. Has a burst and break pattern with the break after every reinforcer

33
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement is contingent on the last of a variable number of responses emitted since the last reinforcer. VR 10 means every 10th response on average is reinforced. High constant rate of responding

34
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

a response is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer. Like FR but with a smoother transition from break to burst o becomes scalloped. fixed intervals on the x axis.

35
Q

What is a variable interval schedule?

A

A response i reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer. Like VR but usually a lower response rate. Smooth as again can’t tell when reinforcers are due.

36
Q

What is differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)?

A

How to get rid of a behaviour. A reinforcer is given when a fixed amount of time has elapsed since the last response.
explicitly reinforces not responding.
Also called omission training
eliminates behaviour more effectively than extinction

37
Q

What is a Fixed Time schedule?

A

a reinforcer is delivered when a fixed amount of time has elapsed since the lsat response. Like FI but no response required so. non-contingent or response independent.

38
Q

What happens when there is no response/reinforcer contingency?

A

If by chance a response is followed by a reinforcer you get superstitious responding. with adventitious reinforcement of whatever response was occurring just before the the reinforcement.
so superstition may be failure to discriminate between a lack of contingency

39
Q

What is the complex version of the law of effect?

A

When a response is followed by a favorable consequence it become more likely that the response will occur again in the context in which it was reinforced

40
Q

What are the likely results of stimulus control?

A

the amount of generalization depends on how close the stimulus is to the training stimulus. (the pigeon and the different coloured keys.

41
Q

What is stimulus control?

A

the extent to which stimuli that precede or accompany operant behavior come to affect the rate or probability of that behavior.

42
Q

The more stimulus control the more….

A

discrimination

43
Q

The less generalisation the more ….

A

stimulus control

44
Q

What are generalisation gradients?

A

the slope of the gradient measures stimulus control

45
Q

What is a generalisation test?

A

After reinforcing responses to a particular stimulus, present several different stimuli, in extinction, and measure responses to each

46
Q

What are incremental gradients?

A

What if we gave punishment at the original stimulus and then did a gen test? The graph would go the opposite way. the response would increase. Incremental gradients are often flatter than decremental gradients

47
Q

What is discrimination training?

A

making the context relevant by reinforcing responses in presence of one stimulus (s+) but not in the presence of another (s-). across a cumulative record the responding to each stimulus gets more and more discriminative

48
Q

What is intradimensional discrimination training?

A

S+ and S- are on the same dimension. e.g red key vs green key

49
Q

What is interdimensional discrimination training?

A

S+ and S= are not on the same dimension. Each yellow key vs white key with a black vertical line.

50
Q

Is the gradient steeper after single stimulus training or interdimensional training?

A

After interdimensional training. There is more stimulus control so the gradient is steeper

51
Q

What happens to the gradient after intradimensional training?

A

there is even more control because there is more attention being given to the dimension thats being tested for. There is a positive peak shift. The most responses are not at S+ but on the opposite side of S+ from S-

52
Q

What is concept formation?

A

A concept is formed if an animal learns that it should both peck the matching stimulus and shouldnt peck the non matching stimulus

53
Q

What is MTS?

A

Matching to sample

54
Q

What is DMTS?

A

delayed matching to sample. Where a delay is introduced between the sample stimulus and the comparison stimuli.
accuracy decreases as delay increases. Typical decay curve

55
Q

What is respondant conditioning?

A

Learning the difference between two stimuli.

aka classical or pavlovian conditioning

56
Q

What is and unconditioned stimulus?

A

A normal stimulus that elicits a normal unconditioned response

57
Q

What is a neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

58
Q

whats the difference between a multiple schedules and concurrent schedules

A

multiple schedules have two simple schedules of reinforcement available alternately, one at a time.
Concurrent schedules have two simple schedules available simultaneously

59
Q

What is the matching law?

A

so the percentage of responses on one alternative matches the percentage of reinforcers from the alternative.

Psych 109 Exam (4 decks)

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