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Psych 109 Exam > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lesioning?

A

Experimental brain lesions. Created by using a stereotaxic apparatus to insert a fine wire into a particular part of the brain

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2
Q

What did phineas gage have injured?

A

his frontal lobe. Shown by planning, processing of emotion and rational decision making

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3
Q

Who is Tan?

A

A man who was studied by Broca who could only say the word Tan. This concludes that the brocas area in the left hemisphere is responsible for speech

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4
Q

Who is Henry molesian? (HM)

A

A patient who had surgery for intractable epilepsy. Removed a lot of his temporal lobe including his hippocampus. Concluded the hippocampus is essential for speech

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5
Q

What is MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
safer than CT scanning (no X-rays)
magnetic field. The hydrogen reverberations are detected by the scanner
Signals are examined for subtle differences between blood etc
Creates a 3D anatomical pic
used for tumors, tissue degeneration, leaks and blood clots

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6
Q

What are the different types of neuroimaging?

A 
Positron emmision Tomography (PET)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Electroencaephelography (EEG)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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7
Q

Describe EEG

A

detects electrical currents generated by neurons on the brain surface only, by affixing metal electrodes to the scalp
Poor spatial resolution. Excellent temporal resolution.
REsolution is improved with high density arrays

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8
Q

What are event related potentials?

A

average the signals across many trials to deal with the noise. Some measure sensory response to a stimulus N100 (100ms) after the stimulus.

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9
Q

What is N400

A

Linked with language processing
Elicited in sentences where the last word is surprising although linguistically legal. The more difficult the task the greater the N400

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10
Q

What is fMRI?

A

detects fast changes aspects of brain physiology such as blood flow /oxygen use.
Does not have any radioactivity.
Can detect the iron in blood for changes
three dimensional image of the brain at work showing which parts are active.

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11
Q

What is TMS?

A

creates temporary brain dysfunction so you can perform experiments that wouldn’t be possible otherwise.
Series of strong magnetic pulses on scalp that causes temporary disruption in region below the area being stimulated on the scalp.

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12
Q

When does the nervous system start to develop?

A

3rd week of embryonic life. Small thickening on the top of the embryo. After a few days the edges of the neural plate zip together to form the neural tube

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13
Q

What happens at one month of the development?

A

separates into 3 thickenings forebrain, midbrain and hind brain

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14
Q

What is the somatic nervous system made up of?

A

afferent, efferent and cranial nerves

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15
Q

What is autonomic nervous system made up of?

A

the regulation of the viscera. the intestines, heart etc

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16
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A

12 pairs. enter and exit from the hindbrain (pons/medulla)
poke through holes in the skull
control movements and carry sensations from head and neck
regulate glandular secretions in the head
control visceral functions

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17
Q

how many neurons are there?

A

10-100billion

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18
Q

What is the left hemisphere for?

A

language

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19
Q

What is the right hemisphere for?

A

spatial awareness

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20
Q

Describe the pons

A 
Hindbrain
arousal
relays sensory info between cerebellum cerebrum and other parts of the brain
regulates respiration
involved in sleep and dreaming
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21
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A

where youre awake and aware but cannot move due to paralysis of the body
journalist who wrote the diving bell and the butterfly using only his left eyelid

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22
Q

Describe the medulla

A

regulation of HR BP and respiration rate
involved in vomiting, defecation, reflexes and respiration
in simpler animals, crawling/swimming

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23
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

knows what each part of the body is doing
recieves information from frontal lobes and what movements it intends to accomplish
monitors info about posture and balance
produces eye movements which compensate for changes in head movements
may play a role in learning new skills
Controls overall body/balance. damage leads to wide stance and staggering gait
sequencing and timing of precise skilled movements
damage = temors during movement
impairs performance of tasks requiring exact sequencing

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24
Q

What is the midbrain involved in?

A

auditory and visual stimuli (eye movement)
controls movement used in sexual behavior and fighting
decreases sensitivity to pain

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25
Q

What is blind sight?

A

not seeing an object but being able to grasp it

visual system that guides reaching intact but is not connected to system that sees the location of the object

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26
Q

What happened to patient TN?

A

blinded by strokes in both hemispheres

essential blind but reacts to facial expressions

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27
Q

describe the cortex

A

80% of brain volume
leadsto flexibility of behaviour
2-3mm thick. if flat would be about 2 feet
The actions of the cortex are performed by subcortical areas in non mammals as as the cortex grew the mid/hind brain became more relay stations

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28
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

receiving and relay station for sensory input
receives info from the sense organs
performs simple analysis
passes results onto primary sensory cortex

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29
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis and species typical behavior
feeding, drinking, body temp, sex
Controls much of the activity of the autonomous system

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30
Q

What do the basal ganglia do?

A

regulate and smooth movement. found beside the hypothalamus

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31
Q

What is the Limbic system?

A

made up of the amygdala for emotion and the hippocampus for memory

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32
Q

What is the parietal lobe important for?

A

spatial perception

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33
Q

What is the temporal lobe for

A

receiving auditory info

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34
Q

What is the frontal lobe for

A

responsible for motor output and motor plannng

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35
Q

What is the differences between primary and secondary areas

A

primary is the basic input and output. secondary is elaborate or higher functions

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36
Q

What happens when there is damage to the primary visual areas?

A

causes a scotoma

a hole in the visual field like a blind spot

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37
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

removal of the primary visual cortex on one side causes a hemianopia on the opp side

38
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis of one side of the body
due to damage of contralateral cortex
paralysis is worse at the extremities

39
Q

What are association areas?

A

don’t show fixed sensory mapping. important in higher functions

40
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

cannot identify familiar object
due to occipital damage and parts of temporal/parietal lobes
can identify separate details of picture but not picture as a whole

41
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

damage to temporal/parietal lobes
difficulty in recognizing faces
‘man who mistook his wife for a hat’

42
Q

Describe the what pathway

A

the ventral stream
determines what an object is
goes down into the temporal lobe

43
Q

Describe the where pathway

A

dorsal stream
goes up the parietal lobe
determines where an object is in space

44
Q

What happens when there is damage to the prefrontal cortex?

A 
deficiency in response inhibition
inability to plan
appear uninvolved, depressed and apathetic
sexually promiscious
criminal behavior
act fragrantly and crudely
45
Q

What happened after a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

patient docile and cognitively disabled. used in 40s and 50s

46
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

frontal lobe
serious disturbances in initiation or organization of voluntary action
unable to perform well known actions
actions become fragmented and disorganised.

47
Q

What does aphasia result from?

A

left hemisphere language damage

48
Q

where does the middle cerebral artery run?

A

close to the language areas

49
Q

What is brocas area do?

A

speech production and syntax

50
Q

what does wernikes area do?

A

speech comprehension

51
Q

what does the arcuate fasiculus do?

A

connects the two

52
Q

what does the angular gyrus do?

A

reading

53
Q

What is brocas aphasia?

A

can move tongue vocalize and swear. agrammatism understanding generally alright but complete syntax not understood.

54
Q

What is wernikes aphasia?

A

lack of comprehension

speaking is fluent and grammatical but meaningless - jargon aphasia

55
Q

What is sign language aphasia?

A

same a spoken language as same areas are involved

56
Q

What the difference between acquired and developed dyslexia?

A

developed - difficultly learning to read despite intelligence and education
acquired - brain damage in left angular gyrus. in those with previously normal reading. deep phonological surface

57
Q

What is neglect syndrome?

A

People with left parietal damage tend to neglect the right side of space. can be visual auditory or tactual. problem of attention - called hemiinattention

58
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

an emotional problem. denial of any deficit of neglect syndrome.

59
Q

Why is neglect syndrome more on the left side?

A

Because the right side is controlled by the left hemisphere so has more language than spatial so damage does not have as much of an effect.

60
Q

What is the right side of the brain dominant for?

A

spatial attention (neglect)
music (amusia)
facial recognition (proposagnosia)
recognition of natural objects (agnosia)

61
Q

What is the left side of the brain dominant for?

A

language (aphasia)
recognition of manufactured objects (agnosia)
voluntary action (apraxia)
handedness

62
Q

What side of the brain recognizes tools?

A

left

63
Q

What side of the brain recognizes animals?

A

right

64
Q

What is split brain surgery?

A

relief of intractable multifocal epilepsy
separates right and left hemispheres
prevents seizures from spreading throughout the brain

65
Q

What is the corupus callosum?

A

largest central commisure. more than 200million axons. connects the two hemispheres
in 60s all commisures were sectioned (commisurotomy)
in the 70s only the corpus callosum was sectioned (callosotomy)

66
Q

does split brain surgery work?

A

successful in controlling epilepsy
usually do anterior first and if that doesn’t work posterior
dying out with better control from drugs

67
Q

What happens to split brain patients?

A

everyday seem fine. but sometimes get an alien hand where their hand takes on a life of its own
If they can only see a ball in their right hemisphere they cannot name the ball

68
Q

What happens to left hemisphere function in the split brain?

A

can’t name objects etc presented in left field
cant name objects held in left hand
can understand words in the left field
suggests that right brain can understand but not speak

69
Q

What is callosal agenesis?

A

in some people the corpus callosum does not develop. these people are naturally split brain
There is less evidence of disconnection in these people. Their interhemispheic transmisson time is about 20-30ms instead of the normal 4-6ms.
Suggests plasticity in early life

70
Q

What are Probsts bundles?

A

remains of corpus callosum that failed to cross the midline

71
Q

What do neurons do?

A

perform computations inside the brain that we call thought

72
Q

How big are neurons?

A

Soma is5-100microns in diameter

dendrites are only a few hundred microns long

73
Q

Whats the difference between white matter and grey matter?

A

white is myelinated grey is unmyelinated

74
Q

What are interneurons?

A

interposed between other neurons. do much of the computing in the brain

75
Q

What are glial cells?

A

about 90% of cells in the brain
act as guidewires for growing neurons
provide supportive scaffolding for neurons
and assist in repair process when neurons are damaged

76
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

about -70mV

77
Q

What is the excitation threshold?

A

about -55mV

78
Q

What does the resting potential depend on?

A

positive sodium ions being outside the cell

79
Q

What happens when a pulse is supplied to a neuron at resting potential?

A

ingoing channels open. Na pours in. The inside swings positive to the outside.
Na channels then close
potassium leaves the cell to restore the original voltage difference

80
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

NT molecules will only affect the post synaptic membrane if the molecule shape fits into certain synaptic receptors

81
Q

How are NTs reuptaken?

A

inactivated by certain cleanup enzymes.

reused in synaptic uptake

82
Q

What are antagonists?

A

drugs that block or inhibit postsynaptic effects

83
Q

What are agonists?

A

drugs that facilitate postsynaptic effects

84
Q

How can drugs effect the synapse?

A

stimulate or inhibit NT release
stimulate or block postsynaptic receptor molecules
inhibit reuptake

85
Q

What does the venom of the black widow spider do?

A 
Drug that stimulates NT release
it is a ACh agonist
releases lots of ACh
exhausts victims supply of ACh
lad to paralysis and death in small prey
86
Q

What does the Botulinum toxin do?

A 
inhibits NT release
present in improperly canned food
ACh antagonist 
prevents release of ACh
small amount of this toxin leads to the victim being paralyzed and suffocating to death
87
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

stimulates postsynaptic receptors
mimics ACh
low doses = pleasure and addictive
high dose = convulsions and death

88
Q

What is curare?

A

blocks postsynaptic receptors
used on the darts of blowguns
blocks ACh receptors on muscle fibres
victim can’t breathe and suffocates to death

89
Q

What do amphetamines/cocaine do?

A

inhibit the reuptake of NT
dopamine, NE and E
affects autonomic arousal
resulting in restlessness, insomnia, loss of appetite and euphoria

90
Q

What do antidepressants do?

A

eg prozac
is a serotonin agonist
inhibits reuptake
relieves depression

91
Q

What do benzodiazapines do?

A

eg valium
GABA agonist
reduces anxiety, facilitates sleep

92
Q

What does heroin do?

A

affects endorphins
agonist
mimics at postsynaptic receptor
anaglesia, sedation, euphoria

Psych 109 Exam (4 decks)

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