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Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Permanent change in behavior or knowledge produced by experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

Method and practice of teaching, especially an academic subject or theoretical concept for K-12.
-rely on others/ teacher

A

Pedagogy

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3
Q

Method and practice of teaching adult learners; adult education.
-Rely on self

A

Andragogy

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4
Q

Coined the theory of multiple intelligences

A

Howard Earl Gardner

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5
Q

Theory that humans have several different ways of processing information and these ways are related independent of one another

A

Multiple intelligences

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6
Q

Acquiring new forms of behavior, information, or concepts through exposure to others and the consequences they experience
-principles: attention, remembering, conversion, and motivation

A

Observational learning

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7
Q

A form of observational learning in which new behavior is acquired but not demonstrated until the need arises
-Form a cognitive map

A

Latent learning

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8
Q

-Came up with classical conditioning
-Worked in physiology, neurology, and psych fields
-Work involved temperament, conditioning, and involuntary reflexes

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

Learning process in which pairings are made between a stimulus and an involuntary reflex

A

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian learning)

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10
Q

Event that brings about a reaction without being learned

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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11
Q

Reaction that is naturally occurring

A

Unconditioned response (UCR)

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12
Q

Signal that initially produces no response, it just grabs the focus of a subject.

A

Neutral stimulus (NS)

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13
Q

Once the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the UCS, the NS is seen as the original UCS

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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14
Q

Feedback to the CS, only occurs after pairing, similar as the UCR

A

Conditioned response (CR)

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15
Q

Time in the learning process where pairing occurs
-NS + UCS = CS

A

Acquisition

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16
Q

Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response.
-The CS is overused without pairing

A

Extinction

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17
Q

Rapid recovery of the learned behavior just by pairing he CS and UCS again

A

Recondition

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18
Q

After extinction, reappearance of the lost response with only the CS, no reconditioning.
-weaker and less frequent

A

Spontaneous recovery

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19
Q

Other stimuli that are similar to the CS leads to CR.
-Ex. Buzzer, clicker, bell

A

Generalization

20
Q

As long as two stimuli are distinct from one another the subject can differentiate the the response.
-Ex. Dogs vs giraffes

A

Discrimination

21
Q

Overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses real danger

A

Phobia

22
Q

Fear of open spaces or new environments you have no control over

A

Agoraphobia

23
Q

Fear of germs, dirts, grime

A

Mysophobia

24
Q

Fear of dogs

A

Cynophobia

25
Q

Fear of thunder and lightning

A

Astraphobia

26
Q

Fear of injections

A

Trypanophoboa

27
Q

Fear of clowns

A

Coulrophobia

28
Q

A procedure that associates a new response with a feared stimulus (exposure therapy)
-Inundate the subject with the trigger, shift in intensity
-Provide mental images to draw correlations before one is actually in the situation

A

Systemic desensitization

29
Q

Anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations, or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder

30
Q

Proposed the law of effect.
-Responses that are satisfying will be repeated and those that are not become less repeated
-Done by studying cats in cages

A

Edward Thorndike

31
Q

Father of operant conditioning.
-Concerned with explaining how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit every day

A

B.F. Skinner

32
Q

Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior

A

Operant conditioning

33
Q

A controlled environment by the researcher to condition an animal to demonstrate a selected behavior

A

Skinner box

34
Q

Based on a stimulus that can be either positive or negative when added or removed, the result increases behavior

A

Reinforcement

35
Q

Satisfies basic need; works naturally regardless of experience.
-Ex. Food, shelter

A

Primary reinforcer

36
Q

Becomes ingrained because of the association with the primary reinforcer.
-Ex. Money

A

Secondary reinforcer

37
Q

Seen by the subject as a stimulus that strengthens a response.
-Reward

A

Positive reinforcement

38
Q

Seen by the subject as an unpleasant stimulus that when removed from an environment leads to a stronger response.
-Removing an unwanted thing. Ex. a migraine

A

Negative reinforcement

39
Q

Based on a stimulus that can be either positive or negative when added or removed, the result decreases the behavior

A

Punishment

40
Q

Introduces an unpleasant stimulus to curtail behavior.
-Ex. Child spanking

A

Positive punishment

41
Q

Sometimes referred to as penalty, removes a pleasant stimulus to deter that behavior.
-Ex. Taking away phones

A

Negative punishment

42
Q

The guidelines determining when and how reinforcement will be delivered

A

Schedule of reinforcement

43
Q

The time interval between response and reward.

A

Reward delay

44
Q

Technique for teaching complex behavior.
-The subject is rewarded for closer and closer strides towards the desirable behavior

A

Shaping

45
Q

The procedure that establishes a sequence of responses that lead to a reward only at the conclusion of the responses in the chain.
-Multiple shapings strung together

A

Chaining

46
Q

Hypothesis that proposes that the brain builds a unified representation of the spatial environment to support memory and guide future action

A

Cognitive map

Psych (6 decks)

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