Learning Flashcards
Permanent change in behavior or knowledge produced by experience
Learning
Method and practice of teaching, especially an academic subject or theoretical concept for K-12.
-rely on others/ teacher
Pedagogy
Method and practice of teaching adult learners; adult education.
-Rely on self
Andragogy
Coined the theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Earl Gardner
Theory that humans have several different ways of processing information and these ways are related independent of one another
Multiple intelligences
Acquiring new forms of behavior, information, or concepts through exposure to others and the consequences they experience
-principles: attention, remembering, conversion, and motivation
Observational learning
A form of observational learning in which new behavior is acquired but not demonstrated until the need arises
-Form a cognitive map
Latent learning
-Came up with classical conditioning
-Worked in physiology, neurology, and psych fields
-Work involved temperament, conditioning, and involuntary reflexes
Ivan Pavlov
Learning process in which pairings are made between a stimulus and an involuntary reflex
Classical conditioning (Pavlovian learning)
Event that brings about a reaction without being learned
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Reaction that is naturally occurring
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Signal that initially produces no response, it just grabs the focus of a subject.
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Once the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the UCS, the NS is seen as the original UCS
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Feedback to the CS, only occurs after pairing, similar as the UCR
Conditioned response (CR)
Time in the learning process where pairing occurs
-NS + UCS = CS
Acquisition
Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response.
-The CS is overused without pairing
Extinction
Rapid recovery of the learned behavior just by pairing he CS and UCS again
Recondition
After extinction, reappearance of the lost response with only the CS, no reconditioning.
-weaker and less frequent
Spontaneous recovery
Other stimuli that are similar to the CS leads to CR.
-Ex. Buzzer, clicker, bell
Generalization
As long as two stimuli are distinct from one another the subject can differentiate the the response.
-Ex. Dogs vs giraffes
Discrimination
Overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses real danger
Phobia
Fear of open spaces or new environments you have no control over
Agoraphobia
Fear of germs, dirts, grime
Mysophobia
Fear of dogs
Cynophobia
Fear of thunder and lightning
Astraphobia
Fear of injections
Trypanophoboa
Fear of clowns
Coulrophobia
A procedure that associates a new response with a feared stimulus (exposure therapy)
-Inundate the subject with the trigger, shift in intensity
-Provide mental images to draw correlations before one is actually in the situation
Systemic desensitization
Anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations, or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Proposed the law of effect.
-Responses that are satisfying will be repeated and those that are not become less repeated
-Done by studying cats in cages
Edward Thorndike
Father of operant conditioning.
-Concerned with explaining how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit every day
B.F. Skinner
Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior
Operant conditioning
A controlled environment by the researcher to condition an animal to demonstrate a selected behavior
Skinner box
Based on a stimulus that can be either positive or negative when added or removed, the result increases behavior
Reinforcement
Satisfies basic need; works naturally regardless of experience.
-Ex. Food, shelter
Primary reinforcer
Becomes ingrained because of the association with the primary reinforcer.
-Ex. Money
Secondary reinforcer
Seen by the subject as a stimulus that strengthens a response.
-Reward
Positive reinforcement
Seen by the subject as an unpleasant stimulus that when removed from an environment leads to a stronger response.
-Removing an unwanted thing. Ex. a migraine
Negative reinforcement
Based on a stimulus that can be either positive or negative when added or removed, the result decreases the behavior
Punishment
Introduces an unpleasant stimulus to curtail behavior.
-Ex. Child spanking
Positive punishment
Sometimes referred to as penalty, removes a pleasant stimulus to deter that behavior.
-Ex. Taking away phones
Negative punishment
The guidelines determining when and how reinforcement will be delivered
Schedule of reinforcement
The time interval between response and reward.
Reward delay
Technique for teaching complex behavior.
-The subject is rewarded for closer and closer strides towards the desirable behavior
Shaping
The procedure that establishes a sequence of responses that lead to a reward only at the conclusion of the responses in the chain.
-Multiple shapings strung together
Chaining
Hypothesis that proposes that the brain builds a unified representation of the spatial environment to support memory and guide future action
Cognitive map
