Learning

Question 1

Permanent change in behavior or knowledge produced by experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Method and practice of teaching, especially an academic subject or theoretical concept for K-12.
-rely on others/ teacher

Answer 2

Pedagogy

Question 3

Method and practice of teaching adult learners; adult education.
-Rely on self

Answer 3

Andragogy

Question 4

Coined the theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 4

Howard Earl Gardner

Question 5

Theory that humans have several different ways of processing information and these ways are related independent of one another

Answer 5

Multiple intelligences

Question 6

Acquiring new forms of behavior, information, or concepts through exposure to others and the consequences they experience
-principles: attention, remembering, conversion, and motivation

Answer 6

Observational learning

Question 7

A form of observational learning in which new behavior is acquired but not demonstrated until the need arises
-Form a cognitive map

Answer 7

Latent learning

Question 8

-Came up with classical conditioning
-Worked in physiology, neurology, and psych fields
-Work involved temperament, conditioning, and involuntary reflexes

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Learning process in which pairings are made between a stimulus and an involuntary reflex

Answer 9

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian learning)

Question 10

Event that brings about a reaction without being learned

Answer 10

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 11

Reaction that is naturally occurring

Answer 11

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 12

Signal that initially produces no response, it just grabs the focus of a subject.

Answer 12

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 13

Once the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the UCS, the NS is seen as the original UCS

Answer 13

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 14

Feedback to the CS, only occurs after pairing, similar as the UCR

Answer 14

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 15

Time in the learning process where pairing occurs
-NS + UCS = CS

Answer 15

Acquisition

Question 16

Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response.
-The CS is overused without pairing

Answer 16

Extinction

Question 17

Rapid recovery of the learned behavior just by pairing he CS and UCS again

Answer 17

Recondition

Question 18

After extinction, reappearance of the lost response with only the CS, no reconditioning.
-weaker and less frequent

Answer 18

Spontaneous recovery

Question 19

Other stimuli that are similar to the CS leads to CR.
-Ex. Buzzer, clicker, bell

Answer 19

Generalization

Question 20

As long as two stimuli are distinct from one another the subject can differentiate the the response.
-Ex. Dogs vs giraffes

Answer 20

Discrimination

Question 21

Overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses real danger

Answer 21

Phobia

Question 22

Fear of open spaces or new environments you have no control over

Answer 22

Agoraphobia

Question 23

Fear of germs, dirts, grime

Answer 23

Mysophobia

Question 24

Fear of dogs

Answer 24

Cynophobia

Question 25

Fear of thunder and lightning

Answer 25

Astraphobia

Question 26

Fear of injections

Answer 26

Trypanophoboa

Question 27

Fear of clowns

Answer 27

Coulrophobia

Question 28

A procedure that associates a new response with a feared stimulus (exposure therapy) -Inundate the subject with the trigger, shift in intensity -Provide mental images to draw correlations before one is actually in the situation

Answer 28

Systemic desensitization

Question 29

Anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations, or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something

Answer 29

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 30

Proposed the law of effect. -Responses that are satisfying will be repeated and those that are not become less repeated -Done by studying cats in cages

Answer 30

Edward Thorndike

Question 31

Father of operant conditioning. -Concerned with explaining how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit every day

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner

Question 32

Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior

Answer 32

Operant conditioning

Question 33

A controlled environment by the researcher to condition an animal to demonstrate a selected behavior

Answer 33

Skinner box

Question 34

Based on a stimulus that can be either positive or negative when added or removed, the result increases behavior

Answer 34

Reinforcement

Question 35

Satisfies basic need; works naturally regardless of experience. -Ex. Food, shelter

Answer 35

Primary reinforcer

Question 36

Becomes ingrained because of the association with the primary reinforcer. -Ex. Money

Answer 36

Secondary reinforcer

Question 37

Seen by the subject as a stimulus that strengthens a response. -Reward

Answer 37

Positive reinforcement

Question 38

Seen by the subject as an unpleasant stimulus that when removed from an environment leads to a stronger response. -Removing an unwanted thing. Ex. a migraine

Answer 38

Negative reinforcement

Question 39

Based on a stimulus that can be either positive or negative when added or removed, the result decreases the behavior

Answer 39

Punishment

Question 40

Introduces an unpleasant stimulus to curtail behavior. -Ex. Child spanking

Answer 40

Positive punishment

Question 41

Sometimes referred to as penalty, removes a pleasant stimulus to deter that behavior. -Ex. Taking away phones

Answer 41

Negative punishment

Question 42

The guidelines determining when and how reinforcement will be delivered

Answer 42

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 43

The time interval between response and reward.

Answer 43

Reward delay

Question 44

Technique for teaching complex behavior. -The subject is rewarded for closer and closer strides towards the desirable behavior

Answer 44

Shaping

Question 45

The procedure that establishes a sequence of responses that lead to a reward only at the conclusion of the responses in the chain. -Multiple shapings strung together

Answer 45

Chaining

Question 46

Hypothesis that proposes that the brain builds a unified representation of the spatial environment to support memory and guide future action

Answer 46

Cognitive map