Learning

Question 1

what is learning

Answer 1

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.
Its an ongoing process, enabling us to adapt and cope in an ever changing world

Question 2

learning may be

Answer 2

Intentional

Unintentional

Active:

Passive:

Question 3

4 types of learning

Answer 3

classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples

Question 4

what is a behaviorist approach

Answer 4

to learning emphasise the study of observable behaviours alone to understand and explain learning, without regard to underlying mental processes (thoughts, feelings, motives…..)

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Question 5

what is classical conditioning

Answer 5

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs through the repeated associations of two or more different stimuli (associative learning)

Question 6

what are the three phases of classical conditioning

Answer 6

before conditioning
during conditioning
after conditioning

Question 7

what is the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response.

Question 8

what is the unconditioned response

Answer 8

The unconditioned response (UCR) is the response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented. A UCR is a reflexive involuntary response that is predictably caused by a UCS.

Question 9

what is the neutral stimulus

Answer 9

The neutral stimulus (NS) is any stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response. In particular, this stimulus is ‘neutral’ to the UCR.

Question 10

what is the conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the stimulus that is ‘neutral’ at the start of the conditioning process but eventually elicits a very similar response to that caused by the UCS — a response that has become a conditioned response.

Question 11

what is the conditioned response

Answer 11

The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response that is produced by the CS. The CR occurs after the NS has been associated with the UCS and has become a CS. The behaviour involved in a CR is very similar to that of the UCR, but it is triggered by the CS alone.

Question 12

what are the three factors that influence classical conditioning

Answer 12

• Nature of the response
  For CC to occur the UCR must initially be automatic/involuntary
  CR results from little (there will be some) thought
• Association of stimuli
  An organism must associate two stimuli that would normally not have any connection
  Contiguity refers to the formation or association between two events when those two events occur close together in time and/or space
• Timing of the NS & USC pairing
  NS should be present before the USC
  No more than half a second

Question 13

What is operant conditioning

Answer 13

Operant conditioning (OC) is a learning process whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.

Question 14

what are the three phases of operant conditioning

Answer 14

Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence

Question 15

what is the antecedent

Answer 15

Stimulus that precedes a behaviour
Must be present for a behaviour to occur
Signals a probably consequence of behaviour

Question 16

what is the behavior

Answer 16

Voluntary action in response to the antecedent
Involves an activity that has an effect on the environment

Question 17

what is the consequence

Answer 17

Occurs immediately after the behaviour
Has an effect on the occurrence of behaviour (strength & frequency)

Question 18

what is a reinforcement

Answer 18

A process in which a stimulus strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response that follows

An essential feature of reinforcement is that it is only used after the desired or correct response is made.

Reinforcement is achieved with reinforcers (reward). A reinforcer is any stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows

Question 19

what’s a positive reinforcement

Answer 19

A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response by providing a satisfying consequence

Question 20

what’s a negative reinforcement

Answer 20

A negative reinforcer is any unpleasant or aversive stimulus that, when removed or avoided, strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response.

Question 21

whats a punishment

Answer 21

Punishment is the process of delivering an unpleasant consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.

Punishment has the same unpleasant quality as a negative reinforcer, but unlike a negative reinforcer, the punishment is given or applied, whereas the negative reinforcer is prevented or avoided.

punishment weakens the response or decreases the probability of that response occurring again over time.

Question 22

whats a positive punishment

Answer 22

Positive punishment involves the presentation (or introduction) of a stimulus, thereby decreasing (or weakening) the likelihood of a response occurring again.

Question 23

what’s a negative punishment

Answer 23

Negative punishment involves the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing (or weakening) the likelihood of a response occurring again.

The purpose of punishments is to weaken/reduce the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

Question 24

factors that influence punishments and reinforcers

Answer 24

Order of presentation
Must be after a desired response (never before)

Timing
Immediately after a response

Appropriateness
Pleasing / satisfying for the recipient

Question 25

what are socio cognitive approaches of learning

Answer 25

Observational!

This perspective emphasises the importance of social context in which learning occurs and the cognitive processes that influence the individual & their learning

Albert Bandura argued that from birth we are surrounded by an immense amount behaviours that we observe. This provide a source of information about our social world & learn by experience.

We learn by watching behaviours (not necessarily carrying out the behaviour) and the consequences associated with it

A mental representation must be formed and reproduced if/when someone chooses to do so (cognition)

Question 26

four steps to the socio-cognitive approach

Answer 26

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation/reinforcement
(ARRMR)

Question 27

what is attention

Answer 27

Must pay attention or closely watch a model’s behaviour and the consequences

Question 28

what is retention

Answer 28

The ability to store information is an important part of the learning process.

Question 29

what is reproduction

Answer 29

Attempt to reproduce or imitate behaviour
MUST have the ability to put into practice what we have observed

Question 30

what is motivation

Answer 30

The observer must also be motivated to perform the behaviour - must want to reproduce what was observed.
Unless the behavioural response is useful or provides an incentive or reward for the observer, it is unlikely that they will want to learn it in the first place, let alone perform it or continue to perform it

Question 31

what is reinforcement and its three types

Answer 31

Influences motivation to reproduce the observed behaviour

External reinforcement
Similar to that of consequences in operant conditioning
Praise results in fulfillment and increases likelihood of repeated behaviour

Vicarious reinforcement
Occurs indirectly by watching the modelled behaviour being reinforced

Self reinforcement
Reinforcement through meeting standards/goals set by the individual

Question 32

aboriginal and torres strait islander ways of knowing

Answer 32

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ ways of knowing and learning are holistic and relational to Country – the land, waterways and seas to which they are connected through ancestral ties and family origins. The connection to Country is spiritual and physical
Country and cultural group they belong to - is critical to any Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person in their self-identity and when introducing oneself to other First Nations people. Connection to Country also has ongoing life responsibilities to the land where a person is born or where their ancestors were born.

Question 33

what are the four ways of learning/way of knowing in aboriginal culture

Answer 33

Narrative (stories)
Song
Dance
Ceremony

The majority of learning occurs for young people through the mimicking and replication of behaviours of others