Learning Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent changes due to experience, noticing patterns and making associations allows us to adapt

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2
Q

behavioral psuchology

A

highly associated with learning, traditionally focused on how we learn behaviors

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3
Q

conditioning

A

process of learning associations

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4
Q

associative learning types

A

classical conditioning (CC) and operant conditioning (OC)

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

process by which a neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response through association with a stimulus that already produced response

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6
Q

ivan pavlov

A
  • discovered classical conditioning
  • studied dogs and food, asscoaited the bell with the food
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7
Q

components of cc

A
  • unconditioned stimulus (UC)
  • unconditioned response (UR)
  • conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • conditioned response (CR)
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8
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that leads to naturally produced reaction (the food)

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9
Q

unconditioned response

A

automatic reaction to unconditioned stimulus (dog salivating at food)

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10
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

acquired ability to produce an association (the bell)

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11
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to conditioned stimulus (dog salivating at bell)

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12
Q

watson and rayner

A
  • applied pavlov’s conditioning to human babies
  • similar to the dogs, baby albert learned to associate a loud noise with a rat and so always feared the rat
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13
Q

acquisition

A

process of learning associations
- pairing UC and CS until predictive relationship forms
- acquisition occurs more readily if CS is presented RIGHT BEFORE the US (bell RIGHT BEFORE food)

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14
Q

biopreparedness

A

biologically predisposed to fear things that have been threats to us evolutionarily
- conditioned taste aversion (CTA)

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15
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

biologically predisposed to learn to associate nausea with what was eaten right beforehand
- only need to feel nauseous once to continuously avoid food that made you sick
- CS and US can be separated for hours but that one pairing will still cause avoidance

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16
Q

stimulus generalization (cc)

A

the tendency to produce conditioned responses to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus
- happens automatically (if different bell sound rings, dog still salivate)

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17
Q

stimulus discrimination (cc)

A

learning not to produce a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar (learning not to salivate at a bell)

18
Q

extinction (cc)

A
  • decreasing frequency of conditioned response by repeatedly presenting CR without presenting US
  • undoing/reversing the conditioning
19
Q

operant conditioning

A

learn to associate our own behaviors with a certain aftermath
- promotes reinforcement, avoids punishments

20
Q

OC v. CC

A
  • CC (associates two stimuli), OC (associates behavior and outcomes)
  • CC (reflexive), OC (voluntary behavior)
  • CC (does NOT depend on behavior), OC (DOES depend on behavior)
21
Q

b. f. skinner

A

studied the skinner box/operant chamber

22
Q

shaping

A

reinforcement of behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior
- biological predispositions influence oc (some behaviors easier to condition than others)
- difficult or impossible to train animals to engage in behaviors that go against natural born instinct

23
Q

stimulus discrimination (oc)

A

occurs when an organism learns a certain consequence will occur in the presence of some stimuli but not others
- discrimination stimuli signal that behavior will lead to a particular consequence

24
Q

stimulus generalization (oc)

A

engaging in behavior in presence of stimuli similar to a discriminative generalization
- generalizing from one stimulus to other related stimuli

25
Q

what do generalization and discrimination enable us to see?

A

we can see what non-verbal organisms perceive and understand

26
Q

reinforcement

A

anything that increases the frequency of behavior that it follows
- makes behavior that follows more likely to occur again
- strengthens behavior, defined by impact it has on behavior

27
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding desirable stimulus as a result of a behavior

28
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing bad stimulus as a result of a behavior

29
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs

30
Q

partial reinforcement

A

a behavior is reinforced only sometimes it occurs

31
Q

extinction (oc)

A

decreasing frequency of behavior by removing reinforcement

32
Q

partial reinforcement extinction effect

A

tendency for behaviors maintained on partial reinforcement schedule to be more resistant to extinction

33
Q

how do organisms learn the fastest?

A

continuous reinforcement then eventually switch to partial reinforcement for longer lasting behavior

34
Q

punishment

A

anything that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows (makes behavior it follows less likely to occur)
- defined by the effect it has on behavior

35
Q

positive punishment

A

unpleasant stimulus added after a behavior

36
Q

negative punishment

A

pleasant stimulus removed after a behavior

37
Q

negative reinforcement two results

A
  • weakening of behavior you want weakened
  • strengthening of behavior you want strengthened
38
Q

issues with punishment

A
  • punisher can become a discrimnative stimulus (organism may only avoid bad behavior in your presence)
  • punishment can come off as reinforcement (for attention)
  • fear/anxiety towards punisher
  • can become abusive
39
Q

punishment works best if

A
  • given immediately after behavior
  • anytime behavior occurs
  • explain reason for punishment
40
Q

processes involved in oc

A

consequences (reinforcement/punishment) have greater effect on behavior if it happens quickly, shortly after behavior