Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov 1897: an animal or organism can passively learn to show naturally occurring reflex actions

involves association of neutral stimulus to unconditioned response

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2
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Skinner 1948: a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

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3
Q

Observational learning/social learning theory

A

Bandura 1977: suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others

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4
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest

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5
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Watson and Rayner 1920: An instilled phobia through the use of a loud noise to cause a fear response to a stimulus

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6
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when the organism responds, with the CR, to stimuli that are similar to the CS. This generally happens early in learning, before the organism has learnt to discriminate between stimuli

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7
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

is the ability to respond only to the CS, with the CR, and ignore stimuli that are similar to the CS

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8
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Skinner: organisms associate their own actions with consequences
- 3 phases
1. antecedent, a stimulus that occurs before the behavior (triggers behavior)
2. the behavior that occurs due to antecedent
3. the consequence to the behavior
The consequence is given after the behavior

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

positive - involves adding a pleasant stimulus after the behavior has occurred to increase the likelihood of the response occurring in the future
negative - involves removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of the response occurring in the future

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10
Q

Punishment

A

positive - involves adding an unpleasant stimulus after the behavior has occurred to decrease the likelihood of the response occurring in the future
negative - involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus (something of value) to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future

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11
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

When a response is made to other stimuli that is similar (but not necessarily identical) to the discriminative stimulus. Usually at decreased level

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12
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Involves the elicitation of a response only in the presence of a specific discriminative stimulus, and not in the presence of a similar stimuli

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13
Q

Social learning theory

A

-Bandura: Emphasizes the importance of the environment, or ‘social context’, in which learning occurs. He proposed that from the time we are born we are surrounded by other people displaying a huge variety of behaviors, all of which we are able to observe.
- draw a general conclusion of behaviors that are permissible

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14
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

An individual watching a models behavior being either reinforced or punished causing them to behave in a way which aligns with what is observed

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15
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behavior is reinforced causing the observer to be conditioned for the behavior to be reinforced without directly getting a consequence

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16
Q

Vicarious punishment

A

When the likelihood of the observer performing a behavior decreases after seeing a models behavior being punished

17
Q

Bandura (1977): Requirements of observational learning

A

The 4 requirements of observational learning
1. Attention: to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention through the model
2. Retention: the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done
3. Reproduction: the learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model
4. Motivation: the learner must have the desire or motivation to perform the action
- Reinforcement: influences the motivation to reproduce the observed behavior and increases the likelihood of reproduction