Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

Pavlov 1897: an animal or organism can passively learn to show naturally occurring reflex actions

involves association of neutral stimulus to unconditioned response

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Skinner 1948: a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Question 3

Observational learning/social learning theory

Answer 3

Bandura 1977: suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Question 4

spontaneous recovery

Answer 4

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest

Question 5

Fear conditioning

Answer 5

Watson and Rayner 1920: An instilled phobia through the use of a loud noise to cause a fear response to a stimulus

Question 6

stimulus generalization

Answer 6

when the organism responds, with the CR, to stimuli that are similar to the CS. This generally happens early in learning, before the organism has learnt to discriminate between stimuli

Question 7

stimulus discrimination

Answer 7

is the ability to respond only to the CS, with the CR, and ignore stimuli that are similar to the CS

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

Skinner: organisms associate their own actions with consequences
- 3 phases
1. antecedent, a stimulus that occurs before the behavior (triggers behavior)
2. the behavior that occurs due to antecedent
3. the consequence to the behavior
The consequence is given after the behavior

Question 9

Reinforcement

Answer 9

positive - involves adding a pleasant stimulus after the behavior has occurred to increase the likelihood of the response occurring in the future
negative - involves removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of the response occurring in the future

Question 10

Punishment

Answer 10

positive - involves adding an unpleasant stimulus after the behavior has occurred to decrease the likelihood of the response occurring in the future
negative - involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus (something of value) to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

When a response is made to other stimuli that is similar (but not necessarily identical) to the discriminative stimulus. Usually at decreased level

Question 12

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

Involves the elicitation of a response only in the presence of a specific discriminative stimulus, and not in the presence of a similar stimuli

Question 13

Social learning theory

Answer 13

-Bandura: Emphasizes the importance of the environment, or ‘social context’, in which learning occurs. He proposed that from the time we are born we are surrounded by other people displaying a huge variety of behaviors, all of which we are able to observe.
- draw a general conclusion of behaviors that are permissible

Question 14

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 14

An individual watching a models behavior being either reinforced or punished causing them to behave in a way which aligns with what is observed

Question 15

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 15

Increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behavior is reinforced causing the observer to be conditioned for the behavior to be reinforced without directly getting a consequence

Question 16

Vicarious punishment

Answer 16

When the likelihood of the observer performing a behavior decreases after seeing a models behavior being punished

Question 17

Bandura (1977): Requirements of observational learning

Answer 17

The 4 requirements of observational learning
1. Attention: to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention through the model
2. Retention: the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done
3. Reproduction: the learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model
4. Motivation: the learner must have the desire or motivation to perform the action
- Reinforcement: influences the motivation to reproduce the observed behavior and increases the likelihood of reproduction