Cross-cultural psychology Flashcards
Effect of honor and humiliation on community members
Reward and humiliation in the presence of the community has a significant impact on the attractiveness of the community to the person
Investment
Determines the importance to the member of the community’s history and current status
Shared valent event hypothesis
The more important the event to people involved, the greater the community bond
Sense of community
Feeling members have of belonging
Boundaries
Provide members with emotional safety necessary for needs and feelings to be exposed and for intimacy to develop
Culture
Shared beliefs, values and practices participants must learn
Values
Cultures standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture’s beliefs
Beliefs
Are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true, individuals in a society have specific beliefs, but they also share collective values
Norms
Define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them
Formal norms
Written rules
Informal norms
Casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to (unwritten)
Symbols
Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand that world
Language
symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted
Cultural universals
Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies
Hofstede (1980)
cultural differences can generally categorized into key dimensions
Power distance
is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally
Uncertainty avoidance
Extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these
Individualism
Degree of dependence society maintains among its members. It has to do whether people’s self image is defined in terms of I or we
Masculinity
Is about what motivates people
Long-term orientation
How societies maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and the future
Indulgence
Is the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised.
Immigration
The movement of people from their native homeland to a new country or place where they do not possess citizenship (may not have rights to work or stay permanently).
Culture shock
Feelings of confusion and uncertainty that are experienced when you encounter a culture that is vastly different from your own
Assimilation
The slow process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture
Acculturation
The process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members (incorporating language, beliefs, values, customs, and mannerisms)
Cultural diversity
The range of cultural norms or cultural traditions that exist within society
Factors that contribute to cross-cultural misunderstanding
Cultural insensitivity, Different verbal and non-verbal communication styles, work ethic and approaches to completing tasks
