Learning

Question 1

Who discovered classical condition? And what is it?

Answer 1

Ivan Pavlov: a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus

Example: put food in dogs mouth, it salivates. Same thing happens for humans. Inactive/passive kind of learning. Ring a bell before dog eats, he will start salivating when he hears bell, instead of seeing food.

Question 2

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)? Give an example.

Answer 2

Stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Smelling your favorite food may make you immediately feel hungry. The smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

What is unconditioned response (UR)? Give an example.

Answer 3

The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. Smelling your favorite food may make you immediately feel hungry. The feeling of hunger in response to the smell is the unconditioned response.

Question 4

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)? Give an example.

Answer 4

A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. Example: the sound of the bell in Pavlov’s dog example is the conditioned stimulus.`

Question 5

What is the conditioned response (CR)? Give an example.

Answer 5

It is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In Pavlov’s example, the conditioned response would be the dog salivating when it hears the sound of the bell.

Question 6

What is the model for classical conditioning?

Answer 6

UCS -> UCR = Unconditional stimulus -> Unconditional response
CS -> CR = Dog ex. bell rings (dog salivates even with no food)

Question 7

Human behaviors look at what? What are the 3 behaviors?

Answer 7

How human emotions and feelings are brought about through classical conditioning

1. Love
2. Tension
3. Feelings/emotion

Question 8

Love: first happens when mother nurses her child. What is the CS and the CR?

Answer 8

CS - face

CR - baby smiles

Question 9

Tension also explains what? Give an example.

Answer 9

Fear behaviors.

Example: If you’re scared of big dogs, undo it by desensitizing the child. Imagine the dog is 3 blocks away. Get it closer and closer until it’s licking your face. Then do it with a real dog.

Question 10

Who discovered operant conditioning? And what is it?

Answer 10

B.F. Skinner - uses stimuli and responses like classical conditioning, but it’s in a different order.
-Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through these rewards and punishments, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Question 11

What is the model for operant conditioning?

Answer 11

S -> R -> S = Stimulus -> Response -> Consequence

A -> B -> C = Antecedent -> Behavior response -> Consequence

Question 12

What is reinforcement?

Answer 12

Anything that increases the likelihood that the behavior will happen the next time around
-Defined by the effect that it has on behavior - it increases or strengthens the behavior

Question 13

What is positive reinforcement? Give an example.

Answer 13

Adding a reinforcement stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future.

Example: Exceed month’s sales quota, so your boss gives you a raise.

Question 14

What is negative reinforcement? Give an example:

Answer 14

A response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. If you don’t do something, bad things will happen.

Example: If you don’t come in on time, your pay will be docked.

Question 15

What is an example of generalized reinforcement?

Answer 15

Ex. all people work hard for money.

Question 16

Define schedules of reinforcement.

Answer 16

Rule stating which instances of behavior will be reinforced. In some cases, a behavior might be reinforced every time it occurs. Sometimes, a behavior might not be reinforced at all.

Question 17

Define fixed ratio and give an example.

Answer 17

Something has to happen a certain number of times before you’re reinforced.
Ex. Each time you respond, you get a reinforcement. Or, every five times you respond, you get a reinforcement.

Question 18

Define variable ratio and give an example.

Answer 18

The ratio changes from time to time. You never know when you’ll get reinforced.
Example: Gambling, you never know when you’re going to win
Business ex: commission

Question 19

Which ration creates the highest productivity?

Answer 19

variable because the harder you work, the better chance of getting big rewards

Question 20

What is a fixed interval? Give an example.

Answer 20

Go through a period of time and if you’ve done minimal work, you get a reward
Ex: salary

Question 21

What is a variable interval? Give an example.

Answer 21

Interval changes and you never know when it will happen

Ex: pop quiz

Question 22

Which ratios do humans have some control in?

Answer 22

Fixed and variable ratios

Question 23

What are the 3 negative side effects of punishment as a reinforcement?

Answer 23

1) Punisher becomes aversive: diff. ppl should be the punisher
2) Only temporarily suppresses behavior: behavior comes back when punisher leaves
3) Can suppress whole category of behaviors

Question 24

What are the 5 principles of use for punishment?

Answer 24

1) Immediate: punishment should be as immediate as possible
2) Consistent: major punishment for major behavior (punishment should fit the crime)
3) Punish behavior, not the person
4) Appropriate punishment
5) Verbal explanation: understand what is happening

Question 25

Define extinction

Answer 25

Any unsafe, rude, undesirable behavior is maintained by a set of reinforcements; extinction is when you take back reinforcements so there is nothing to maintain that behavior

Question 26

What are the 4 characteristics of extinction?

Answer 26

RIOT

1) Remove reinforcer, thus decreasing the behavior
2) Organizational examples
3) Ignoring nagging employee
4) Time out room

Question 27

Define social learning theory

Answer 27

Learn behaviors by observing others

Question 28

What are the model characteristics of social learning theory?

Answer 28

1) Perceived similar (psychologically, physically) to audience
2) Reinforced

Question 29

What is the process of social learning theory?

Answer 29

1) Observe model - video
2) Symbolic rehearsal
3) Practice

Question 30

Organizational behavior modification can be used on who?

Answer 30

Individuals or on a whole organization

Question 31

What are the 5 steps of the organizational behavior modification?

Answer 31

1) Define target behavior
2) Baseline
3) Functional analysis
4) Intervention
5) Evaluation

Question 32

What are two criteria for an effective target behavior?

Answer 32

1) Observable: have to be able to see it

2) Measurable: can measure it

Question 33

What is the baseline?

Answer 33

Where we have the behavior occurring before anything happens

Question 34

Name two characteristics of functional analysis.

Answer 34

Antecedents (cue the behavior) and consequences (control the behavior)

Question 35

What is intervention?

Answer 35

Put something together and follow through

Question 36

What is evaluation?

Answer 36

ongoing: can midstream if it’s not working

Question 37

What are the two applications to organizational behavior modification?

Answer 37

1) training: sales behavior

2) absenteeism

Question 38

What does the goal setting model look like?

Answer 38

Set goals>Goal attributes>Performance>Feedback (moderator variable)

Question 39

List the 4 goal attributes

Answer 39

1) Specific vs. general
2) Difficulty
3) Assigned vs. participative
4) Feedback

Question 40

Define specific vs general goal attributes

Answer 40

Has the strongest affect**
Specific goal (has a # attached to it.. such as "I'm going to make a 90% on my test)
General goal (just going to do "my best")

Question 41

Define difficulty

Answer 41

Moderatly difficult that you can attain with hard work is best

Question 42

Define feedback

Answer 42

Tells you if you’re keeping in line with the goal

Question 43

Define management by objectives (MBO) in goal setting

Answer 43

Idea of having goals already throughout the system

Question 44

What are the 4 steps to MBO

Answer 44

1) Organizational goals set
2) Superior and subordinate set goals together
3) Periodic review and adjustment
4) Final review

Question 45

What are the four individual rewards within performance rewards? Tell me one thing about each of them.

Answer 45

1) Salary: Fixed interval; get payed even if you have a slow schedule
2) Commission: variable ratio; productive, yet tiring
3) Bonus: one time deal; advantage for bosses because they only have to do it one time as opposed to giving a young employee a 10% raise and them working forever
4) Skill: based pay; pay for skills to be used in future (do behavior and that pays for your raise after)

Question 46

What are the two group rewards within performance rewards?

Answer 46

1) Profit sharing

2) Gain sharing

Question 47

What are the sub categories of performance rewards?

Answer 47

Individual rewards and group rewards

Question 48

What is profit sharing? And what is the problem with it?

Answer 48

All share equally
- Idea is that if you get part of company’s profit you’ll work harder; in actuality, people who don’t work hard get the same amount as those who do work hard

Question 49

What is gain sharing?

Answer 49

Individual teams share the gains