Learning Flashcards
Who discovered classical condition? And what is it?
Ivan Pavlov: a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
Example: put food in dogs mouth, it salivates. Same thing happens for humans. Inactive/passive kind of learning. Ring a bell before dog eats, he will start salivating when he hears bell, instead of seeing food.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)? Give an example.
Stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Smelling your favorite food may make you immediately feel hungry. The smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus.
What is unconditioned response (UR)? Give an example.
The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. Smelling your favorite food may make you immediately feel hungry. The feeling of hunger in response to the smell is the unconditioned response.
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)? Give an example.
A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. Example: the sound of the bell in Pavlov’s dog example is the conditioned stimulus.`
What is the conditioned response (CR)? Give an example.
It is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In Pavlov’s example, the conditioned response would be the dog salivating when it hears the sound of the bell.
What is the model for classical conditioning?
UCS -> UCR = Unconditional stimulus -> Unconditional response
CS -> CR = Dog ex. bell rings (dog salivates even with no food)
Human behaviors look at what? What are the 3 behaviors?
How human emotions and feelings are brought about through classical conditioning
- Love
- Tension
- Feelings/emotion
Love: first happens when mother nurses her child. What is the CS and the CR?
CS - face
CR - baby smiles
Tension also explains what? Give an example.
Fear behaviors.
Example: If you’re scared of big dogs, undo it by desensitizing the child. Imagine the dog is 3 blocks away. Get it closer and closer until it’s licking your face. Then do it with a real dog.
Who discovered operant conditioning? And what is it?
B.F. Skinner - uses stimuli and responses like classical conditioning, but it’s in a different order.
-Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through these rewards and punishments, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
What is the model for operant conditioning?
S -> R -> S = Stimulus -> Response -> Consequence
A -> B -> C = Antecedent -> Behavior response -> Consequence
What is reinforcement?
Anything that increases the likelihood that the behavior will happen the next time around
-Defined by the effect that it has on behavior - it increases or strengthens the behavior
What is positive reinforcement? Give an example.
Adding a reinforcement stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future.
Example: Exceed month’s sales quota, so your boss gives you a raise.
What is negative reinforcement? Give an example:
A response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. If you don’t do something, bad things will happen.
Example: If you don’t come in on time, your pay will be docked.
What is an example of generalized reinforcement?
Ex. all people work hard for money.
Define schedules of reinforcement.
Rule stating which instances of behavior will be reinforced. In some cases, a behavior might be reinforced every time it occurs. Sometimes, a behavior might not be reinforced at all.
Define fixed ratio and give an example.
Something has to happen a certain number of times before you’re reinforced.
Ex. Each time you respond, you get a reinforcement. Or, every five times you respond, you get a reinforcement.
Define variable ratio and give an example.
The ratio changes from time to time. You never know when you’ll get reinforced.
Example: Gambling, you never know when you’re going to win
Business ex: commission
Which ration creates the highest productivity?
variable because the harder you work, the better chance of getting big rewards
What is a fixed interval? Give an example.
Go through a period of time and if you’ve done minimal work, you get a reward
Ex: salary
What is a variable interval? Give an example.
Interval changes and you never know when it will happen
Ex: pop quiz
Which ratios do humans have some control in?
Fixed and variable ratios
What are the 3 negative side effects of punishment as a reinforcement?
1) Punisher becomes aversive: diff. ppl should be the punisher
2) Only temporarily suppresses behavior: behavior comes back when punisher leaves
3) Can suppress whole category of behaviors
What are the 5 principles of use for punishment?
1) Immediate: punishment should be as immediate as possible
2) Consistent: major punishment for major behavior (punishment should fit the crime)
3) Punish behavior, not the person
4) Appropriate punishment
5) Verbal explanation: understand what is happening
Define extinction
Any unsafe, rude, undesirable behavior is maintained by a set of reinforcements; extinction is when you take back reinforcements so there is nothing to maintain that behavior
What are the 4 characteristics of extinction?
RIOT
1) Remove reinforcer, thus decreasing the behavior
2) Organizational examples
3) Ignoring nagging employee
4) Time out room
Define social learning theory
Learn behaviors by observing others
What are the model characteristics of social learning theory?
1) Perceived similar (psychologically, physically) to audience
2) Reinforced
What is the process of social learning theory?
1) Observe model - video
2) Symbolic rehearsal
3) Practice
Organizational behavior modification can be used on who?
Individuals or on a whole organization
What are the 5 steps of the organizational behavior modification?
1) Define target behavior
2) Baseline
3) Functional analysis
4) Intervention
5) Evaluation
What are two criteria for an effective target behavior?
1) Observable: have to be able to see it
2) Measurable: can measure it
What is the baseline?
Where we have the behavior occurring before anything happens
Name two characteristics of functional analysis.
Antecedents (cue the behavior) and consequences (control the behavior)
What is intervention?
Put something together and follow through
What is evaluation?
ongoing: can midstream if it’s not working
What are the two applications to organizational behavior modification?
1) training: sales behavior
2) absenteeism
What does the goal setting model look like?
Set goals>Goal attributes>Performance>Feedback (moderator variable)
List the 4 goal attributes
1) Specific vs. general
2) Difficulty
3) Assigned vs. participative
4) Feedback
Define specific vs general goal attributes
Has the strongest affect** Specific goal (has a # attached to it.. such as "I'm going to make a 90% on my test) General goal (just going to do "my best")
Define difficulty
Moderatly difficult that you can attain with hard work is best
Define feedback
Tells you if you’re keeping in line with the goal
Define management by objectives (MBO) in goal setting
Idea of having goals already throughout the system
What are the 4 steps to MBO
1) Organizational goals set
2) Superior and subordinate set goals together
3) Periodic review and adjustment
4) Final review
What are the four individual rewards within performance rewards? Tell me one thing about each of them.
1) Salary: Fixed interval; get payed even if you have a slow schedule
2) Commission: variable ratio; productive, yet tiring
3) Bonus: one time deal; advantage for bosses because they only have to do it one time as opposed to giving a young employee a 10% raise and them working forever
4) Skill: based pay; pay for skills to be used in future (do behavior and that pays for your raise after)
What are the two group rewards within performance rewards?
1) Profit sharing
2) Gain sharing
What are the sub categories of performance rewards?
Individual rewards and group rewards
What is profit sharing? And what is the problem with it?
All share equally
- Idea is that if you get part of company’s profit you’ll work harder; in actuality, people who don’t work hard get the same amount as those who do work hard
What is gain sharing?
Individual teams share the gains
