learning Flashcards
what are the important names and which type of leaning do they go with?
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Skinners: Operant Conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
when a stimulus comes to serve as a signal for the arrival of a second stimulus
in classical conditioning what is UCS, UCR, neural stimulus, CS, and CR and what are they?
UCS: Unconditioned stimulus (leads to a natural response)
UCR: Unconditioned Response (a natural response to the stimulus)
neutral stimulus: a stimulus that doesn’t normally create a response
CS: Conditioned Stimulus (creates a conditioned response)
CR: Conditioned response (trained automatic response)
how does classical conditioning work?
Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
contrast stimulus generalization and discrimination
generalization: the ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations
discrimination: learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
in classical conditioning what is extinction?
extinction occurs when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired
application of classical conditioning
what is operant conditioning?
method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior
why was operant conditioning proposed?
The work of Skinner was rooted in a view that classical conditioning was far too simplistic to be a complete explanation of complex human behavior. He believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences.
what is the reinforcer and the operant response?
reinforcer: a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response is repeated (creating a behavior)
operant response: a behavior that has an effect on the environment (you do something and another thing happens in response)
what is a positive and negative reinforcer?
positive: the arrival of stimulus to increase behavior (candy for good behavior)
negative: removal of a stimulus to increase behavior (clean your room to get your parent to stop nagging you)
what is a positive and negative punishment?
positive: the arrival of a stimulus to stop a behavior (spanking)
negative: the removal of a stimulus to stop a behavior (grounding)
how is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?
classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence.
applications of operant conditioning?
spanking, grounding, rewarding behaviors, cleaning so your parents don’t nag you
if you ring a bell and a dog drools what kind of conditioning have you done?
classical conditioning. the bell went from being a neutral stimulus to a conditioned one. and the drooling was a conditioned response, because dogs don’t normally droll when a bell rings
