Learning Flashcards
Pavlovian Conditioning - Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (dogs)
Unconditional stimulus (US): Food
Unconditional response (UR): Saliva flow
Conditional stimulus (CS): Bell
Conditional response (CR): Saliva flow
Extinction
Present the conditional stimulus without the unconditional stimulus
Should see that the conditional response will diminish
What happens during extinction?
Forgetting (passive decay)
Unlearning (active)
But…
Spontaneous recovery
Renewal effect
Reinstatement
Spontaneous recovery
Emergence of conditioned fear some time after successful extinction
Renewal
Emergence of conditioned fear in different context after successful extinction
Reinstatement
Emergence of conditioned fear after encounter of US alone after successful extinction - CS becomes ambiguous
How can we prevent relapse?
Strengthening extinction learning
Re-consolidation fear-memories become vulnerable for a brief period
Studies in human fear conditioning
Operant conditioning - B.F Skinner (rat box)
The effects of consequences - and variables affecting them
OC - Behaviouristic approach
Behaviour measured as index of learning
Changes in behaviour caused by organism or environmental demands
Behaviours follow the same rule
OC - What consequences is behaviour determined by?
Pleasant consequences - behaviour increases (reinforcement
Unpleasant consequences - behaviour decreases (punishment)
Classic Operant Model
Stimulus –> Organism –> response –> consequence
C:R ratio = K - in between response and consequence
Social Learning Theory
Imitation - practice but eventually will improve in behaviours
Humans are active in constructing environment
Cognitive factors
Social context - the people we are together with will determine if we learn something or not
Bandura - learning –> observation, performance –> reinforcement
Testing Effect
Testing improves delayed recall more than does further study
