Learning

Question 1

reflexes

Answer 1

innate motor or neuron response to a stimulus

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

innate behavior triggered by a broad range of events; infants suckling mother; dog shaking water off wet fur

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

permanent change to behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Question 4

behavioral learning

Answer 4

stimulus-response learning; classical and operant conditioning

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

associate stimuli with certain events; passive

Question 6

components of classical conditioning

Answer 6

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned response

Question 7

acquisition

Answer 7

learning to associate a stimulus with certain events; building up the stamina

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

decrease in conditioned response if response is not re-backed up; stop giving food to dog with the tone and they will stop salivating when they hear just the tone

Question 9

second-order conditioning

Answer 9

the process of conditioning a response to one stimulus, then using that stimulus/response pair to condition the response to a different stimulus

Question 10

generalization

Answer 10

responding in a similar way to similar stimuli; salivating at similar tones to the tone that was conditioned

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

learning about differences

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

associating a behavior and consequence; requires more active involvement of participant

Question 13

Skinner’s Box

Answer 13

animal pushes food to get response

Question 14

reinforcement schedule

Answer 14

when a behavior is reinforced; can predict behavior

Question 15

fixed ratio

Answer 15

reinforcement after a particular number of responses; every 5 responses, reward

Question 16

variable ratio

Answer 16

reinforcement after an average number of responses; could be 5, could be 10, but will get rewarded after average of 8

Question 17

fixed interval

Answer 17

reinforcement after set time interval; every two minutes, a response can be rewarded

Question 18

variable interval

Answer 18

reinforcement after an average time period; might be able to reinforce after 2 minutes or 6 minutes, but on average, 4 minutes

Question 19

coast guard pigeons

Answer 19

trained to peck when they saw orange or red

Question 20

cognitive learning

Answer 20

involves mental representation; large part of research is rats in mazes

Question 21

cognitive map

Answer 21

drawing a map from your mind

Question 22

short cut maze

Answer 22

rats will always take the shortest past; if one is blocked, it will turn around and take shortest path

Question 23

latent learning

Answer 23

learning without reward; if there was no food until day 11, then food after that, they could apply what they learned

Question 24

radial maze

Answer 24

rats would remember which arm of the radial maze they have been down based on exterior visual cues

Question 25

water maze

Answer 25

drop rat in water, colored quadrants of the maze; will find the platform to escape; next time they will know which quadrant the platform is in

Question 26

insight learning

Answer 26

think about a problem then