Learning (1-3) Flashcards
Why we’re interested in studying the behaviour of non-human animals, in particular, the idea that the behaviour of both humans and non-humans is controlled in similar ways by their environment.
SHAPE
Same simple Elements (animal and human behaviour might look different, But he fundamental laws the control the relation between behavior and environment is same for both humans and animals)
History Known (Animal history can be collected. While humans bring in their own history possibly contributing confounding variables)
Affected Less by Observation (animals aren’t affected by observation. While humans change their behaviour to make themselves seem more socially desirable)
Predictable Environment
Control (easy to simplify and control environment of animals)
Effective Research Model (use animal research to understand animal behaviour, almost always works)
What are responses
An item of behavior
What are reinforcers
A favorable consequence
What is a stimuli
Predicts behavior and consequence
Something that predicts that a specific behavior is likely to be followed by a specific consequence
What is the law of effect
EL Thorndike.
If a piece of behaviour is closely followed by a favourable consequence, the probability that the behaviour will be repeated is increased. [That is, if a response is closely followed by a reinforcer, the probability of the response is increased.] First proposed by EL Thorndike.
What is Positive reinforcement. How does it affect behaviour?
An appetitive stimulus is presented contingent on a response. Increases behaviour.
Something desirable is presented after an event. And the behavior has increased
What is Negative reinforcement. How does it affect behaviour?
An aversive stimulus is withdrawn contingent on a response. Increases behaviour.
Some disliked is withdrawn after an event. And the behaviour increases.
What is Positive punishment. How does it affect behaviour?
An aversive stimulus is presented contingent on a response. Decreases behaviour.
What is Negative punishment. How does it affect behaviour?
An appetitive stimulus is withdrawn contingent on a response. Decreases behaviour.
What is a primary reinforcer?
increases probiability of responses
biological significance
A stimulus that increases the probability of responses it follows due to its intrinsic biological significance or survival value to the organism.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
A previously neutral stimulus which has acquired its reinforcing effect because it has been repeatedly paired with a primary reinforcer.
Extinction (EXT)
A response used to be followed by reinforcement, but reinforcement stops, it will be less like to happen again
- A response that was previously followed by reinforcement no longer receives that reinforcement. Therefore the probability to the response occuring again decreases over time.
What is Continuous reinforcement (CRF or FR1)?
Every response is reinforced.
What is Intermittent reinforcement?
according to a schedule of…
Only some responses are reinforced, according to a schedule of reinforcement.
- Rules that specify when a response will be reinforced.
What is Partial Reinforcement (extinction) Effect (PRE)?
State how continuois and Intermittent reinforcement works in the context (extinction).
Whihc is better at extinguishing behaviour?
intermittently, extinguish …. Transition
Responding which has been reinforced intermittently will be harder to extinguish than responding which has been reinforced continuously.
Continuous reinforcement: Transition from reinforcement to extinction is a bit easier to detect
Intermittent reinforcement: Transition from reinforcement to extinction is harder to detect
The best way to extinguish behavior is to go back to continuous reinforcement
