Leadning And Memory

Question 1

What is the definition of learning in psychology?

Answer 1

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Question 2

True or False: Memory is the process of acquiring information.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The three main stages of memory are ______, storage, and retrieval.

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

What are the two main types of memory?

Answer 4

Short-term memory and long-term memory.

Question 5

Which type of memory has a limited capacity and duration?

Answer 5

Short-term memory

Question 6

What is the duration of short-term memory?

Answer 6

Approximately 20 to 30 seconds.

Question 7

True or False: Long-term memory can hold an unlimited amount of information.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is the process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory called?

Answer 8

Consolidation

Question 9

What is the method of loci?

Answer 9

A mnemonic device that uses visualization of familiar spatial environments to enhance memory.

Question 10

Which psychologist is known for his work on classical conditioning?

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlov

Question 11

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 11

A learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Question 12

What is reinforcement in the context of operant conditioning?

Answer 12

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The ______ is a part of the brain associated with forming new memories.

Answer 13

hippocampus

Question 14

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 14

Explicit memory is conscious and can be verbally described, while implicit memory is unconscious and involves skills and tasks.

Question 15

True or False: Semantic memory is a type of explicit memory.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What is the spacing effect?

Answer 16

The phenomenon where information is better recalled if study sessions are spaced out over time.

Question 17

What does the term ‘forgetting curve’ refer to?

Answer 17

The decline of memory retention over time.

Question 18

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

Answer 18

The amygdala is involved in processing emotional memories.

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The process of recalling information is known as ______.

Answer 19

retrieval

Question 20

What is the difference between recognition and recall?

Answer 20

Recognition involves identifying previously learned information, while recall involves retrieving it without cues.

Question 21

True or False: Short-term memory can hold information indefinitely with rehearsal.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is chunking in memory?

Answer 22

A technique to improve memory by grouping information into larger, manageable units.

Question 23

Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 23

Howard Gardner

Question 24

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 24

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: ______ memory is responsible for storing personal experiences.

Answer 25

Episodic

Question 26

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory?

Answer 26

It is involved in higher-level executive functions and working memory.

Question 27

True or False: Memory can be influenced by social and cultural factors.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What is a mnemonic device?

Answer 28

A memory aid that helps in the retention and retrieval of information.

Question 29

What does the term 'decay theory' refer to?

Answer 29

The idea that memory traces fade over time if not accessed.

Question 30

What is interference theory?

Answer 30

The theory that forgetting occurs because other information interferes with the retrieval of the target information.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The ______ effect suggests that learning is more effective when information is presented in a meaningful context.

Answer 31

contextual

Question 32

What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

Answer 32

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new learning, while retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.

Question 33

What is the role of sleep in memory consolidation?

Answer 33

Sleep helps to strengthen and stabilize memories formed during the day.

Question 34

True or False: Stress can negatively impact memory formation.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the phenomenon of 'tip-of-the-tongue'?

Answer 35

A temporary inability to retrieve a word or piece of information that one knows is stored in memory.

Question 36

What is observational learning?

Answer 36

Learning by observing and imitating others.

Question 37

Who is associated with the concept of observational learning?

Answer 37

Albert Bandura

Question 38

What is cognitive load?

Answer 38

The amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: ______ theory suggests that memory is a constructive process.

Answer 39

Schema

Question 40

What is the role of rehearsal in memory?

Answer 40

Rehearsal helps to encode information into long-term memory.

Question 41

True or False: Memories are static and do not change over time.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

What is the difference between massed practice and distributed practice?

Answer 42

Massed practice involves cramming information in a short period, while distributed practice spreads learning over a longer time.

Question 43

What is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 43

A vivid and detailed memory of a significant event.

Question 44

Fill in the blank: The ______ effect refers to remembering information better when it is learned in the same context it will be recalled.

Answer 44

context-dependent

Question 45

What is the role of the cerebellum in memory?

Answer 45

The cerebellum is involved in procedural memory and motor skills.

Question 46

True or False: Recalling a memory can alter the memory itself.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What is the concept of 'memory reconsolidation'?

Answer 47

The process by which retrieved memories are potentially altered and stored again.

Question 48

What is the difference between declarative and procedural memory?

Answer 48

Declarative memory involves facts and events, while procedural memory involves skills and tasks.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The ______ model describes memory as a series of stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Answer 49

Atkinson-Shiffrin

Question 50

What is a schema?

Answer 50

A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Question 51

True or False: Memory retrieval is always accurate.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

What is the role of attention in memory?

Answer 52

Attention is crucial for encoding information into memory.

Question 53

What is the significance of the serial position curve?

Answer 53

It illustrates the tendency to recall items from the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.

Question 54

Fill in the blank: The ______ approach to memory emphasizes the processes involved in encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Answer 54

information-processing

Question 55

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

Answer 55

Semantic memory involves general knowledge, while episodic memory involves personal experiences.

Question 56

True or False: Amnesia can result from brain injury or psychological trauma.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

What is the role of dopamine in memory?

Answer 57

Dopamine is involved in motivation and reinforcement, affecting how memories are formed and recalled.

Question 58

What is a retrieval cue?

Answer 58

A stimulus that helps in the retrieval of a memory.

Question 59

Fill in the blank: The ______ hypothesis suggests that memories are more easily retrieved when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding.

Answer 59

encoding specificity