Biopsychology Part 2

Question 2

What are neurons? Neurons are nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.

Question 3

What are the three main types of neurons? Sensory neurons

Answer 3

motor neurons

Question 4

What is the function of sensory neurons? Sensory neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 5

What is the function of motor neurons? Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.

Question 6

What is the function of interneurons? Interneurons connect neurons within the CNS to allow communication.

Question 7

What is the resting potential of a neuron? The difference in charge across the neuron membrane when inactive

Answer 7

typically -70 millivolts.

Question 8

What triggers an action potential? An action potential is triggered when the neuron’s charge reaches the threshold of -55 millivolts

Answer 8

generating an electrical impulse.

Question 9

What is the refractory period in neurons? The brief period after an action potential when a neuron cannot fire again.

Question 10

What is the function of the myelin sheath? The myelin sheath insulates axons and increases the speed of neural impulse transmission.

Question 11

Which cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS? Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.

Question 12

Which cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS? Schwann cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 13

What is saltatory conduction? Saltatory conduction is the process where nerve impulses jump between Nodes of Ranvier to speed up transmission.

Question 14

What is synaptic transmission? Synaptic transmission is the process by which neurons communicate using neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.

Question 15

What is the synaptic cleft? The synaptic cleft is the small gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

Question 16

What is reuptake in synaptic transmission? Reuptake is the process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron after signal transmission.

Question 17

What are excitatory neurotransmitters? Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood of a neuron firing

Answer 17

such as glutamate.

Question 18

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters? Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing

Answer 18

such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Question 19

What does the autonomic nervous system control? The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate

Answer 19

digestion

Question 20

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system? The sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight response) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest-and-digest response).

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system? Norepinephrine.

Question 22

What is dopamine responsible for? Dopamine regulates reward

Answer 22

pleasure

Question 23

What is serotonin responsible for? Serotonin regulates mood

Answer 23

appetite

Question 24

What is acetylcholine responsible for? Acetylcholine is responsible for muscle contraction and memory.

Question 25

What is the function of GABA? GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Question 26

What is the function of glutamate? Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

Question 27

Which neurotransmitter is involved in pain relief? Endorphins.

Question 28

What is the main role of norepinephrine? Norepinephrine regulates attention

Answer 28

alertness

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is deficient in Alzheimer’s disease? Acetylcholine.

Question 30

Which neurotransmitter is linked to Parkinson’s disease? Dopamine deficiency is linked to Parkinson’s disease.

Question 31

What is oxytocin commonly called? Oxytocin is commonly called the love hormone or bonding hormone.

Question 32

Which neurotransmitter is released during stress? Cortisol (a hormone) and norepinephrine.

Question 33

Which part of the brain releases dopamine? The substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Question 34

What is the function of the thalamus? The thalamus relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Question 35

What is the function of the hypothalamus? The hypothalamus regulates hunger

Answer 35

thirst

Question 36

What is the function of the amygdala? The amygdala processes emotions

Answer 36

especially fear and aggression.

Question 37

What is the function of the hippocampus? The hippocampus is responsible for memory formation and spatial navigation.

Question 38

Which brain region is damaged in Alzheimer’s disease? The hippocampus.

Question 39

What is the function of the corpus callosum? The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Answer 39

facilitating communication between them.

Question 40

What is the function of the cerebellum? The cerebellum helps with coordination

Answer 40

balance

Question 41

What is Broca’s area responsible for? Broca’s area is responsible for speech production.

Question 42

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for? Wernicke’s area is responsible for language comprehension.

Question 43

What happens if Broca’s area is damaged? Damage to Broca’s area causes difficulty in speech production

Answer 43

known as Broca’s aphasia.

Question 44

What happens if Wernicke’s area is damaged? Damage to Wernicke’s area leads to difficulty in language comprehension

Answer 44

known as Wernicke’s aphasia.

Question 45

Which hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language in most people? The left hemisphere.

Question 46

Which hemisphere of the brain is more involved in creativity and spatial processing? The right hemisphere.

Question 47

What is the function of the brainstem? The brainstem controls basic survival functions such as heart rate

Answer 47

breathing

Question 48

What is the function of the medulla oblongata? The medulla oblongata regulates involuntary functions like breathing and heartbeat.

Question 49

What is the function of the pons? The pons connects the brainstem with the cerebellum and helps regulate sleep and facial expressions.

Question 50

What is the function of the reticular formation? The reticular formation regulates alertness and sleep-wake cycles.

Question 51

What is the function of the limbic system? The limbic system is responsible for emotions

Answer 51

memory

Question 52

What is the function of the basal ganglia? The basal ganglia control movement and are involved in habit formation.

Question 53

Which brain structure acts as the relay station for sensory information? The thalamus.

Question 54

Which brain structure links the nervous system to the endocrine system? The hypothalamus.

Question 55

What is the function of the endocrine system? The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions.

Question 56

What is the function of the pituitary gland? The pituitary gland is the “master gland” that controls other endocrine glands.

Question 57

What does the adrenal gland release? The adrenal gland releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol.

Question 58

What hormone regulates blood sugar? Insulin

Answer 58

secreted by the pancreas.

Question 59

What is the function of testosterone? Testosterone regulates male secondary sexual characteristics and aggression.

Question 60

What is estrogen responsible for? Estrogen regulates female reproductive functions.

Question 61

What does the thyroid gland control? The thyroid gland controls metabolism through the hormone thyroxine.

Question 62

What is MRI used for? MRI is used for producing detailed images of soft tissues

Answer 62

including the brain.

Question 63

What is fMRI used for? Functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

Question 64

What is a PET scan used for? A PET scan tracks metabolic activity in the brain using radioactive glucose.

Question 65

What is an EEG used for? An EEG records electrical activity in the brain.

Question 67

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Question 69

This is the full 100 flashcard set in a plain text format

Answer 69

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