Leaderships and resilience

Question 1

What is resilience?

Answer 1

The ability to exert appropriate and dynamic self-regulation

Question 2

What did Fredrickson et al (2003) find?

Answer 2

Extraversion and emotional stability are related to resilience

Question 3

What did Hemenover (2003) find?

Answer 3

High extraversion and emotional stability (elsewhere related to high resilience) showed quicker affective recovery

Question 4

What are the characteristics of resilience?

Answer 4

> Staunch acceptance of reality
Deep belief that life is meaningful
Ability to improvise

Question 5

What is leadership?

Answer 5

Process whereby one individual influences other group members towards the attainment of defined group or organisational goals

Question 6

What are the three types of leadership theory?

Answer 6

> Trait theory
Contingency/situational theory
Transformational Leadership

Question 7

What are the features of trait theory?

Answer 7

> Leadership traits

> Innate

Question 8

What are the leadership traits according to trait theory?

Answer 8

> Intelligence
> Dominance
> Self-confidence
> High energy
> Task related knowledge

Question 9

What are the main criticisms of trait theory?

Answer 9

> No agreement on which traits are important

> Recent research has found different traits (need for achievement, need for power, goal directedness)

Question 10

What is Full Range Leadership Theory?

Answer 10

> Leadership model
Based on the potentially transformational aspects of leadership
Meshes closely with resilience

Question 11

What did Luthans and Avolio (2003) find?

Answer 11

Developing a capacity for resilience is a vital component of authentic leadership development

Question 12

What did Bass (1996) find?

Answer 12

Transformational leadership may convert crises into developmental challenges

Question 13

What are the dimensions of Transformational Leadership?

Answer 13

> Attributed charisma
> Idealised influence
> Inspirational motivation
> Intellectual stimulation
> Individualised consideration

Question 14

What is Attributed Charisma?

Answer 14

The degree to which a leader behaves with confidence, enhances respect and pride among subordinates

Question 15

What did Bass (1990) find?

Answer 15

> Attributed Charisma behaviour reduces panic and helplessness during stress
Inspirational Motivation correlates with subordinate hope and purposeness

Question 16

What is idealised Influence?

Answer 16

Transmitting a higher purpose that goes beyond the goals of an individual and focuses attention on common goals

Question 17

What did Hetherington (2001) find?

Answer 17

Idealised influence is positively correlated with positive outcomes of achievement and self-actualisation (thus, resilience)

Question 18

What is Inspirational Motivation?

Answer 18

Transmitting enthusiasm, optimism and the ability to articulate a compelling vision of the future

Question 19

What is Intellectual Stimulation?

Answer 19

Emphasis on effective problem solving behaviour

Question 20

What did Matthewman (2009) find?

Answer 20

Intellectual Stimulation involves re-examining critical assumptions and seeking different perspectives and approaches

Question 21

What is Individualised Consideration?

Answer 21

> Treating employees as individuals

> Employees feel more competent and valued, more likely to engage in positive appraisal

Question 22

What did Dumdum et al (2002) find?

Answer 22

Positive relationship between Transformational Leadership and subordinate resilience

Question 23

What did Hartland et al (2005) find?

Answer 23

Inspirational Motivation positively correlated with resilience

Question 24

What is the Managerial Grid?

Answer 24

> Diagnostic tool

> Leadership grid

Question 25

What is the diagnostic tool in the managerial grid?

Answer 25

Tool aiming to explore leadership styles and the extent to which they have either 'concern for the people' or 'concern for the task'

Question 26

What does contingency theory state?

Answer 26

Leadership is a function of the person and the situation

Question 27

What are the features of contingency theory?

Answer 27

> Group atmosphere > Structure > Position of power

Question 28

What is Group Atmosphere as defined by the contingency theory?

Answer 28

The extent to which a group trusts and accepts their manager

Question 29

What is Structure as defined by the contingency theory?

Answer 29

The extent to which a task is clear and unambiguous

Question 30

What is Position of Power as defined by the contingency theory?

Answer 30

How much control the leader has to reward or punish subordinates

Question 31

What did Eagly and Johnson (1990) find?

Answer 31

> Meta-analysis > Women not more interpersonally orientated than men > Women as task-oriented as men > Women use a more participative or democratic leadership style than men

Question 32

What did Eagly, Makhijani & Klonsky (1992) find?

Answer 32

> Meta-analysis > Women devalued in male-dominated environments > Women evaluated unfavourably when using directive or autocratic styles > Democratic styles evaluated favourably