Leadership Material - Question Format Flashcards
1
Q
Which theory is based on the premises that power and influence involves relations between at least two parties? This theory recognizes that leaders draw from sources of power most often in conbinations to motivate a follower or subordinate.
A
Bases of Social Power Theory
2
Q
Which Theory model speculates that categories of human needs are arranged in a predetermined in order of importance? This theory dictates the concept of the lowest level of needs is associated with physiological needs whilethe uppermost level is associated with self-actualization needs. Once an individual moved upward to the next level, needs within the lower level will no longer be a priority.
A
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3
Q
What type of activity directly contributes to an organization’s clearly defined quality outputs?
A
Value-added Activity
4
Q
What is a mode of thorough change made in anticipation of fututre events?
A
Tuning
5
Q
What is a leadership approach consisting of a set of principles and procedures that maximize the production and delivery of high quality goods and services in an organization? This type of leadership adapts the approach of making continuous improvements.
A
Total Quality Management
6
Q
What is a major reponse an organization takes in anticipation of external events that may ultimately require change?
A
Reorientation
7
Q
What is a major change necessitated by external events?
A
Recreation
8
Q
What is an organization that had adapted the concept of “change for learning and learning involves change”? This type of organization is skilled at creating, acquiring,and transfering knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect knowledge and insight.
A
Learning Organization
9
Q
What is the change that occurs in response to key eternal events?
A
Reactive Change
10
Q
What is a change that affects the entire organization?
A
Major Change
11
Q
What is a change to individual components of the organization?
A
Incremental Change
12
Q
What is initiated in anticipation of key external events?
A
Anticipatory change
13
Q
What is the process imposed on an organization that requires the organization to respond?
A
Change
14
Q
What is the process of comparing a unit’s work and service methods against best practices others use in order to identify where changes may be necessary?
A
Benchmarking
15
Q
What is an organizational problem solving process consisting of several stages of activity through which an organization adapts to change?
A
Adaptive-coping cycle
16
Q
Which type of leadership is not an exchange process but an appeal to follower’s sense of values beyond their own personal interests?
A
Transformational Leadership
17
Q
What type of leadership falls under the concept of an exchange relationship to which the leader and the follower are engaged in economic,social, or psychological trading? This form of the exchange may be negotiable and is constrained by moral values.
A
Transactional Leadership
18
Q
What is the component of transformational leadership that describes leaders who encourage innovation and creativity through challenging the moral beliefs or views of the group?
A
Intellectual Stimulation
19
Q
What is the component of transformational leadership that describes leaders who motivates followers to commit to the vision of the organization?
A
Inspirational Motivation
20
Q
What is the component of transformational leadership that describes a leader who act as coaches and advisors to follower?
A
Individualized Consideration
21
Q
What is the component of transformational leadership that describes leaders who are exemplary role models?
A
Idealized Influence
22
Q
What are the four I’s of transformational leadership?
A
- Idealized Influence
- Individualized Consideration
- Inspirational Motivation
- Intellectual Stimulation
23
Q
What are the four components that makes up transformational leadership?
A
The Four I’s
24
Q
What is the special personal quality or power of an individual quality or power of an individual making him or her capable of influencing or inspiring large numbers of people through their perceived social relationship to that person?
A
Charisma
25
What was conceived by John Venn which shows the logical relationship between things with an overlapping circle-style illustration?
Venn Diagram
26
What type of relationship is articulated within the Social Exchange Theory that is described as a cooperative, mutually beneficial connect between two people or groups?
Symbiotic Relationship
27
Which theory relies on the concept that all human interaction is a product of a type of cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives? This theory believes that when a person perceives the cost of a relationship as outweighting the perceived benefits, then that person will choose to leave the relationship.
Social Exchange Theory
28
Which school of thought believe that tasks should be broken down to small repetitive functions? This school of thought alo believe that workers are basically lazy and cannot really contribute to organizational goals.
School of Scientific Management
29
Which school of thought relies on the concept that suggests work should be scientifically analyzed, allowing a cost benefit perspective on work flows that should minimize all inefficiencies?
School of Scientific Management
30
Which school of thought came after the school of human relations? This school of thought operates on the concept that workers will actively seek to meet organizational goals as psychological and social needs are met.
School of Human Resources
31
Which school of thought came after the School of Scientific Management? This school of thouight suggests workers are motivated by being included in management planning.
School of Human Relations
32
What are the principles of human motivation that theorized two different sets of beliefs about motivating workers that reflect the core beliefs of the School of Scientific Management and the Human Resource Schools of Thought?
Theory X and Theory Y
33
What is the follower's overt or covert refusal to respond to the leader's attempt to influence?
Resistance
34
What is the ability to exert influence; that is the ability to change the attitudes or behavior of individuals or group?
Power
35
What best describes the follower's acceptance of the leader's influence including the leader's internal or underlying beliefs?
Internalization
36
Which leadership concepts is similar to banking and account management?
Idiosyncrasy Credits
37
What is the concepts that revolves around the Leader, who is the bank in the follower's mind, and the influence is the credit that gets deposited into the bank by followers and workers within their mind? The more credit the leader have in their bank accounts, the more influence they will have over the followers or workers.
Idiosyncrasy Credits
38
What is the follower's acceptance to the leader' influence beacause the leader is attractive, likeable source worthy of emulation?
Identification
39
What does a leader gain when the follower has accepted the leader's influence? This is evidenced by the follower's behavior.
Compliance
40
What type of power exist when the follower give control to the leader based on the belief or understanding that the leader has specific knowledge or relevant expertise that the follower does not? This is also called information Power.
Expert Power
41
What type of power exist when there is a desire from the follower or subordinate to be like, or identifies with the leader?
Reference Power
42
What type of power exists when subordinate or followers acknowledges that the leader has a "right" or is lawfully entitled to exert influence within certain bounds? This is also called formal authority.
Legitimate Power
43
What type of power is the negative side of Reward Power? This negative side of the leader's ability to punish the follower or subordinate for not carrying out expressed or implied directions.
Coercive Power
44
What type of power exists when control devrives from a leader who has the ability to reward the follower or subordinate for carrying out expressed or implied consent?
Reward Power
45
What type of organization member demonstrates a varying level of critical thinking and varying levels of engagement in the organization's mission?
Pragmatist Follower
46
Who is the person or group that the focal person uses to evaluate the equity or inequity of his/her exchange relationship?
Reference Source
47
What type of conflict occurs when one group's perception of how long work should take is different from another group's perception of how long it should take?
Time Orientation
48
What type of conflicts is created by the way in which work products are measured? One group may generate an easily measurable product while another generates a product that is more difficult or impossible to measure.
Tangible Nature of Work
49
Which strategy does a leader uses, when the leader creates an overarching goal that requires conflicting groups to achieve an objective critically important to all groups, but that can only be achieved through intergroup cooperation?
Superordinate Goal
50
Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader bring members of conflicting groups together to identify, discuss, and resolve intergroup conflict after conflict as developed?
Problem Solving
51
Which type of conflict is brough about when groups are not located together? The vast area coverage an organization has keeps members from getting to know each other.
Physical Separation
52
Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader acts to prevent or reduce the chance of conflict by forming a group with representatives from all groups to identify and resolve potential conflict?
Liaison Group
53
Which type of conflict occurs when the actions and tone of a group in pursuit of its goals generates conflict with another group in pursuit of its goal because the grorup don't share the same goal?
Goal Orientation
54
Which type of Conflict is brought about by little or no interaction between groups?
Frequency of Interaction
55
Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader mandates a solution to groups that are experiencing conflict with each other?
Forcing
56
Which type of intergroup conflict occurs when two or more groups fight over limited resources like money, people, and facilities?
Competition over scarce resources
57
Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader monitors a conflict, but does not get involved in its resolution? The leader allows the conflict to run its course and/or let those in the conflict to resolve it.
Avoidance
58
What type of Intergroup conflict occurs when a leader issues vague instructions to subordinates groups, allowing seperate groups to interpret their meaning and how to accomplish the task?
Ambiguous Work Assignment
59
What occurs when group members works together to achieve a specific and identifiable goal?
Task Cohesion
60
What occurs when members of a group likes each other and enjoy personal satisfaction from being members of a group?
Social Cohesion
61
What is the process where a group strives for consensus or a unanimous decision rather than objectively appraising and selecting the best course of action?
Groupthink
62
What is the type of instrument that is used by organizations to measure task and social cohesion of actions?
Group Environmental Questionnaires (GEQ)
63
What occurs when the sum of forces attracts members to a group? These forces provides resistance to leaving the group and motivates the group members to be active within the group.
Group Cohesion
64
What is the name of the six readily abservable group behavior patterns? When observed in a group, it indicate the group as having a high level of group cohesion.
Common Indicators of Group Cohesion
65
What is the term that describes a group that has its own jdugement about its own capability to perform a specific task?
Group Efficacy or Collective
66
What type of group revolves around members who are tightly coupled thus each member's outcomes are inextricable and can't be separated from each other's outcome?
Team
67
What occurs when a group member take on a role where his/her performed behaviors that promotes completion of task and activities within a group?
the member takes on a Task Faciliting Role
68
What term best describes member perceptions of the level of rights and previleges that a member have within the group?
Status
69
What occurs when a person's work effort is reduced when he/she works with others as compare to when he/she works along?
Social Loafing
70
What occurs when a group member perceives an expectation as inconsistent or conflicting associated with his/her role in the group, therefore; causing a state of tension, distress, or uncertainty within his/her mind?
Role Conflict
71
What occurs when a group member accurately performs his/hers assigned purpose in the group because he/she demostrates the perception of having a clear understanding of his/hers expectation?
Role Clarity
72
What occurs when a group member is uncertains about an expectation and perceive the expection as unclear, therefore; may not accurately performs his/her assigned purpose in the group?
Role Ambiguity
73
What is the position that a group member takes on when the member performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among other group members?
The member takes on a Relationship Building Role
74
What is the concept that dictates a common characteristic of people as being somewhat mutually dependent on one another to accomplish a group task or goal?
Interdependency
75
What is the quality exhibited when members of a group are similar in terms of their abilities, skills, resources, and/or social makeup that are required to accomplish the groups task or mission?
Homogeneous
76
What is the quality exhibited when members of a group are diversified in terms of their abilities, skills, resources and/or social makeup that are required to accomplish the group's task or mission? Each member of the group have different abilities and skills and these differences comes together to accomplish a task or mission.
Heterogeneous
77
What is the underlying pattern of roles, norms, and relations among members of a group?
Group Structure
78
What is the consistent and logical, also known as, coherent set of behaviors expected of people who occupy specific positions within a group? It is a part of a group structure.
Group Roles
79
What is the part of a group structure that regulates the group activities by identifying what is acceptable and what is not? It is the social standards that regulate group member's behaviors.
Group Norms
80
What is formed when two or more persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each influences and is influenced by each other while achieving a common purpose, mission, or task?
Group
81
What occurs when bonds develops within a group? The strength of bonds links individuals in the group together. It is sometimes referred to as the flue that keeps the group together.
Cohesion
82
What is the smaller group within a larger group which consist of individuals who share a common goals, values, and expections? These smaller groups are sometimes at odds with other smaller groups and perhaps the larger group's goals, balues, and expections.
Cliques
83
What role does a person takes on when they demonstrates unproductive behavior that hinders the group from achieving organizational objectives?
Blocking Role
84
What term best describes when a person demonstrates exemplary leadership behaviors irrespective of their organizational role?
Upward Leadership
85
What type of organizational member who demonstrates a low level of critical thinking and low levels of engagement in the organizational mission?
Passive Follower
86
What is the concept that describes an organization's resources and how an individual might focus solely on their rights and needs versus respecting the common good, while acknowledging the mutual responsibilties he/she has with others?
Organizational Commons
87
What is the act of committing and working cooperatively with other folllowers and leaders to achieve shared goals by harmonizing individual roles and goals with the larger vision of the group and may include acting like a leader when required by the situation?
Followership
88
What is a collaborator with the leaders in the work of an organization?
Follower
89
What is an organizational member who demonstrates a high level of critical thinking and high levels of engagement in the organizational mission?
Exemplary Follower
90
What is the condition describing what happens to individuals who eventually fail as leaders, despite performing well for a long time in followership and junior leadership roles?
Derailment
91
What is the organizational member who demonstrates a low level of critical thinking and a high level of engagement in the organizational mission?
Conformist Follower
92
What is the organizational member who demonstrates a high level of critical thinking but low levels of engagement in the organizational mission?
Alienated Follower
93
What is the value a recipient places on a reward offered in exchange for completing a task?
Valence
94
What is the compensation that one receives for the aount of effort extended?
Reward aka Reward Outcome
95
What is an acceptable level of accomplishment of the task at hand?
Performance Objective aka Performance Outcome
96
What is the belief that achieving an acceptable level of performance will result of the task at hand?
Instrumentality
97
What is the knowledge, a skills and abilities an individual possesses?
Individual Behaviors
98
What term best describe the process of selecting a desired end states as a way to motivate followers?
Goal Setting
99
What is a desired end state?
Goal
100
Which theory claims that motivation is a function of expectancy, instrumentality and valence?
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
101
What is an individual's belief that he/she can perform a task to an acceptable level?
Expectancy
102
What are anything that provides direction, intensity, and persistence to behavior?
Motivation
103
What is the Phenomenon that expalins why some behaviors are repeated while others stop?
Law of Effect
104
What is the presentation of reinforcements after a fixed number of correct or desired responses (E.G. after every third arrest.)?
Fixed Ration Schedule
105
When reinforcers are presented after corrected or desired responses on a fix time schedule (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, ect.)?
Fixed Interval Schedule
106
When future behaviors decreases in frequency because there is no consequence to current behavior?
Extinction
107
What is the presentation of reinforcement irregularly around an average number of correct or desired responses (e.g./ the way a slot machine pays out.)? This is a powerful way to sustain desired behavior for a long period of time.
Variable Ration Schedule
108
What is the epresentation of reinforcement irregularly around an average time (e.g, after one day, and two days, averaging reinforcement every two days)? This is a powerful way to sustain desired behavior for long periods of time.
Variable Interval Schedule
109
What involves in learning by comparing oneself to others?
Social Comparison Processes
110
What is the process of controlling one's own behavior by comparing one's behavior to one's personal standards and subsequently applying internal consequences?
Self-Regulation
111
What is the effect of increasing the future, desired behavior by the presentation of a positive or pleasant consequence following current behavior?
Positive Reinforcement aka Reward Contingency
112
What are consequences that increases the occurrence of a behavior in the future?
Reinforcements
113
What is the effect of increasing the future, desired behavior by the presentation of a postiive or pleasant consequence following current behavior?
Reward Continugency AKA Positive Reinforcement
114
Which schedule is used when reinforcements are administered irregularly by either time or by the number of correct or desired responses? This sustained behavior over long periods of time, as compared to continous reinforcement.
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
115
What are any behavioral reaction that someone undertakes voluntarily in response to a demand or cue from his/her environment?
Operant Response
116
What is an approach to learning and motivation based on the relationship between person's behavior and the consequences they subsequently personally experience?
Operant Conditioning
117
What is a method of learning by watching the behavior of others and the associated consequences? This also includes concepts such as vicarious extinction, vicarious learning, vicarious punishment, and vicarious reinforcement?
Observational Learning
118
What is the theoretical model originating from psychologist B.F. Skinner that has changed over time? In this model the term Punishment was Skinner's orginal definition of this model.
Negnative Reinforcement
119
What is a collection of three theories that, in different ways, explain how consequences that follow behavior control that behavior? The theories included in this collection are operant conditioning, observation learning, and self-regulation.
Motivation through Consequence (MTC)
120
What type of reinforcement schedule follows the "Every Correct or desired behavior" approach? This results in the quick learning of new behavior, but poor sustained behavior when the reinforcement is removed.
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
121
What follows a behavior? Example is when a person sticks his finger into a light socket which results in a shock.
Consequences
122
What typically results in successful task accomplishments?
On-Task Behavior
123
What typically results in unsuccessful task accomplishments?
Off-Task Behavior
124
What term best describes what people say or do? This is related to but not the same as what one thinks, how one feels, one's underlying attitude, or overall performance in accomplishing tasks.
Behavior
125
What is the common tendency for the actor in a particular situation to blame external factors for his or her unsuccessful behavior while, concurrently, an observer tends to blame internal factors for the same behavior?
Actor/Observer Bias
126
What is the leader's tendency to be less likely to punish the folower who says he/she is sorry for his/her behavior?
Apology Effect
127
What is the process of making inferences and judgement's about the cause of people's behavior?
Attribution
128
What is the process of making an attribution based on how other people perform a specific task?
Consensus
129
What is the process of making an attribution about a person based on how well (or poorly) he/she does on a variety of different tasks?
Distinctiveness
130
What is the process of making an attribution based on how a person performed the same task on other occasions?
Consistency
131
What is the tendency to overvalue internal factors in explaining someone's behavior, while undervaluing external factors?
Fundamental Attribution Error
132
What is the process of assigning blame or credit for a person's behavior including one's own behavior to that persson's ability or lack of ability?
Internal Attribution
133
What is the process of assigning blame or credit for a person's behavior including one's own behavior to external factors beyond the person's ability or lack of ability?
External Attribution
134
What is the tendency for a leader to punish a follower more severely if the follower's behavior has a negative consequences?
Negative Outcome Bias
135
What is the tendency to attribute one's own success to one's ability, and to blame failures on external factors beyond one's control?
Self Serving Bias
136
What is the study of human interaction, including the study of attraction, attitude formation, influences of which leadership is a part and group dynamics?
Social Psychology
137
What term best describes an employee perceptions are rewards he/she reseives for his services? Example includes pay, benefits, praise, and promotions.
Outcomes
138
Which theory deals with perceptions of fairness in an organization?
Organizational Justice Theory
139
What is the perception of the focual person are his contributions to the exchange, for which he expects a just return? Some examples includes work effort, experience, education, training and intelligence.
Inputs
140
What exists when someone perceives that the ratio of his/her outcomes to unputs is not equal to the ratio of someone else outcomes to input?
Inequity
141
What term best describes individuals with perception of equity or inequity by comparing himself or herself with others?
Focal Person
142
What term best describes an organizational leader who directly supervises, manages, and leads the employees involved in a given situation or case study?
Focal Leader
143
Which theory assumes that people value fair treatment when comparing themselves with others, and that the perception of inequity motivates people to take actions?
Equity Theory
144
What is a person's ration of inputs and outcomes, as compared to his/hers perception of another person's ration of inputs and outcome?
Comparison Ratio
145
What type of followers are considered like a festering wound in the organization when in their minds they think themselves as Mavericks to think for themselves as being the true conscious of the organization?
Alienated Followers
