Leadership, Administration and Management

Question 1

Organizational Form

Answer 1

Organizations can be horizontal/flat, vertical/hierarchical, or matrix.

Question 2

horizontal or flat organization

Answer 2

Has few or no levels of management between management and staff level employees. Employees are less supervised and have increased involvement in the decision-making process. Employees tend to be generalists rather than developing a deep knowledge of key subject areas. There may be power struggles over who has decision-making authority, and management may avoid new opportunities in an effort to keep their flat structure intact.

Question 3

Vertical or hierarchical structure

Answer 3

Is like a pyramid. Every employee is subordinate to someone else within the organization. Clear sense of leadership within the organization and what their level of responsibility is.

Question 4

Matrix organizations

Answer 4

Encourage interdisciplinary approaches to problem-solving. However, they are difficult to manage and can be ineffective for large organizations. This sometimes causes confusion, especially if there are dual lines of authority.

Question 5

eight elements to a strategic plan

Answer 5

Analyze the community or organization’s needs.
Identify results - determine what long-term objectives the city or organization is going to pursue.
Admit uncertainties - analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) relating to the objectives.
Involve strategic stakeholders.
Develop and evaluate alternatives.
Identify the role of the city.
Develop a funding policy.
Evaluate performance.

Question 6

Strategic Planning

Answer 6

Is used to assist an organization in guiding its future. Strategic planning sets goals, objectives, and policies for reaching the set of objectives.

Question 7

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Answer 7

Not only increase the complexity of modern life but are also changing the form and function of cities.

Question 8

Internet of Things (IoT)

Answer 8

Devices that use the internet to support the delivery of public services and the livability of communities.

Question 9

Smart Cities

Answer 9

Use ICT to Engage Citizens,
Deliver services, and enhance urban systems. Results in cost efficiencies, resilient infrastructure, and improved urban experience.

Question 10

Three C’s of a Good Staff Report

Answer 10

Compliance, Consistency, and Compatibility

Question 11

Organizational Models in Planning

Answer 11

Management - HR, Board Staffing, IT
Current Planning - permitting, Environmental assessment, Project Management
Advanced/long-range planning - strategic plans, comprehensive plans,

Question 12

Three ways of organizing for sustainability

Answer 12

Within a planning department, within an executive office, as a stand-alone department

Question 13

Loss Exposure

Answer 13

Casualty risk - accidents involving property, personal or income.
Liquidity risk - do not have enough cash to cover operations
Market risk - inability to provide services political/litigation risk (primary threats) - private entities in response to government action. In ability to achieve the goals of planning.
technology risk - problems associated with keeping up with technological change