LE3 Flashcards
. The ff. statements is/are true about
inspiration
A. There is a more negative pressure
observed in the pleura
B. Lung volume is at its highest at the first
C. Transpulmonary pressure is slightly lower
than during expiration
D. AOTA
A. There is a more negative
pressure observed in the
pleura
This “work of breathing” is brought about by
the movement of the inelastic tissues:
A. Compliance Work
B. Airway Resistance Work
C. Viscous Resistance Work
D. Elastic Work
C. Viscous Resistance Work
After forceful expiration, the volume of air
that remains in the lungs is:
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Tidal volume
c. Expiratory reserve volume
d. Residual volume
d. Residual volume
A decrease in tidal volume also decreases:
A. Inspiratory capacity
B. Vital capacity
C. Functional residual capacity
D. A & B
D. A & B
A. Inspiratory capacity (td + irv)
B. Vital capacity (irv + td + erv)
C. Functional residual capacity (erv + rv
True about the minute respiratory volume
a. not affected by the respiratory rate
b. total amount of air in the lungs
c. increased with increase tidal volume
d. can with withstand more 200 ml/min for 2
min
c. increased with increase tidal
volume
minute respiratory volume =
Td x respiratory rate per minute
500ml x 12 breath/min = 6 L/m
In a healthy individual, physiological dead
space is
A. Equal to anatomical dead space
B. Double to anatomical dead space
C. Half of the anatomical dead space
D. Triple of the anatomical dead space
A. Equal to anatomical dead space
The 2 tubes of the Respiratory flow head is
attached to where
A. Spirometer pod
B. Filter
C. Bore tubing
D. Input 1
A. Spirometer pod
A 35 year old patient with scoliosis had
difficulty in breathing. A pulmonary test was
done, the result is:
A. Normal…
B. Decreased maximal expiration
C. Increased residual volume
D. Increased Vital Capacity
B. Decreased maximal
expiration
True of ventilation-perfusion chu2
A. Ventilation increases from the base to the
apex of the lungs
B. Perfusion increases from the base to the apex
of the lungs
C. Gradient of flow of ventilation is larger than
perfusion
D. VA/P is greater at the apex
D. VA/P is greater at the apex
Factors that affect rate of gas diffusion through
the respiratory membrane
A. Capillary membrane thickness
B. Solubility coefficient of gas
C. Available surface area
D. All of the above
D. AOTA
Chloride shift, which is true:
A. Mostly happens in arterial blood
B. Facilitates transport of O2 by hgb
C. Facilitates transport of CO2 by plasma
D. Results in lower concentration of Chloride in
venous blood
C. Facilitates transport of CO2
by plasma
What causes the right shift of
Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve?
a. low CO2
b. low temp
c. low pH
d. low DPG
c. low pH
The Haldane effect is
A. Loading of Co2 displacing O2 (Bhor Effect)
B. Loading of O2 displacing Co2
B.Loading of O2 displacing
Co2
*Loading of Co2 displacing O2 (Bhor Effect)
During quiet respiration, chuchu discharge
spontaneously
A. Motor neurons of the abdominal
B. Ventral grp of neurons
C. Stretch receptors
D. Dorsal group of neurons
D. Dorsal group of neurons
Pneumotaxic centers primarily served to
A. Prolonged expiration (ventral)
B. Decrease respiratory rate
C. Limit duration of respiration
D. Discharge inspiratory potentials
C. Limit duration of
respiration
*ventral respiratory groups - both expiration & inspiration
*Dorsal respiratory group - inspiration and respiratory rhythm
*Pneumotaxic center - limit inspiration & shortens expiration ; rate & depth of breathing
An increase in blood PCO2 will result to:
A. Increase in pH
B. Negative impact on alveolar ventilation
C. Direct stimulation of respiratory center
D. Sustained effect on respiratory center even
for days
C. Direct stimulation of
respiratory center
Will NOT occur during exercise:
A. Initial increase in arterial PCO2
B. the body movements increase pulmonary
ventilation
C. sustained increase in alveolar ventilation in
the entire duration of exercise
D. impulses from higher centers of the brain
stimulate the respiration
A. Initial increase in arterial
PCO2
Which of the following is TRUE about the
peripheral chemoreceptor system for the
control of respiratory activity?
A. CO2 stimulation is slower than central
stimulation
B.The final effect of low PO2 is counteracted
by decreases in blood PCO2 and H+
concentration
C.Efferent nerve fibers to the aortic bodies
pass through the vagus nerve
D.Strongly stimulated by a decrease In oxygen
concentration in venous blood
D. Strongly stimulated
by a decrease In
oxygen concentration
in venous blood
*CO2 stimulation is faster than central
stimulation
*Afferent nerve fibers to the aortic bodies
The sigmoid shape of the oxygen-
hemoglobin dissociation curve is
interpreted as:
A. the increase in percent saturation of
hemoglobin is progressive as blood
PO2 increases
B. tissue PO2 is directly proportional to
hemoglobin saturation
C.blood PO2 is directly proportional
to hemoglobin saturation
D. the increase in hemoglobin saturation is
affected by PCO2 H+
A. the increase in percent
saturation of
hemoglobin is progressive
as blood
PO2 increases
True about pCO2 in an expired air
A. Direct relationship with po2
B. Increases as alveolar air mixed with dead
space air
C. At its highest in dead space air
D. Lowest in alveolar air
B. Increases as alveolar air
mixed with dead space air
Which of the following shifts the oxygen
hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
A. Dec ph
B. Dec Co2
C. Dec temp
D. Dec dpg
A. Dec ph
Frequency of slow waves in the duodenum
A. 3
B. 8
C. 9
D. 12
D. 12
A. 3 - Stomach
B. 8 - Terminal ileum
C. 9 - Terminal ileum
Some smooth muscles in the GIT exhibit tonic
contraction. What is the cause of tonic
contraction?
A. Electrical rhythm of slow waves
B. Continuous repetitive slow waves
C. Continuous partial depolarization of the
smooth muscle membrane
D. Entry of Na ions into the interior of the cell
C. Continuous partial depolarization of the
smooth muscle membrane
Not true of the “Law of the Gut”
Peristaltic reflex plus the anal
direction of movement of the
peristalsis
Hemorrhagic shock secondary to bleeding,
depression of git blood flow is vital because:
A. sympathetic vasoconstriction so the blood
can go to muscle and skin
B. Allows vasoconstriction so blood can go to
vital organs
C. Lets the gut rest
D. All
D. All
Deglutition center
Hypothalamus
Medulla and lower pons
Thalamus and upper pons
Amygdala
Medulla and lower pons
NOT TRUE of the mass movement of the
colon:
a. It can occur 1-3 times each day for
about 15 minutes during the first hour
after eating breakfast
b. A series of mass movements can
persists for 10-30 minutes
c. It would take about 6-8 hours to move
the chyme from the ileocecal valve
through the colon
d. is a modified type of peristalsis
characterized by the formation of
constrictive ring in response to a
distended transverse colon
c. It would take about
6-8 hours to move the
chyme from the
ileocecal valve through
the colon
Can be found in small intestines
1. Haustrations
2. Gastrointestinal reflex
3. Taenia coli
4. Peristaltic waves
2,4
Which of the ff. is NOT true about sympathetic
stimulation?
A. Dilates blood vessels that supply the glands
B. Stimulation alone can slightly increase GI
secretions
C. Superimposed stimulation causes decreased
GI secretion if the parasympathetic stimulation of
increasing GI secretions already occurs
D. Has dual effect in GI secretion
A. Dilates blood vessels that
supply the glands
Promotes Gastric Emptying
1. Duodenum Enterogastric Nervous
Reflexes
2. Increase breakdown products of
protein digestion
3. Cholecystokinin
4. Increased food volume in the stomach
- Increased food
volume in the stomach
When eating green mango with bagoong, there
is increased salivation. Which of the ff
statements is true?
A. Mucous secretion with ptyalin
B. Ph of 4-5
C. Low concentrations of sodium, K, and
HCO3
D. Sodium concentration of 1/2 of plasma
at maximal salvation
D. Sodium
concentration of 1/2 of
plasma at maximal
salvation
In normal resting condition, compare the ion
concentration of the saliva with that of the
plasma
a. sodium -2/3 in the the plasma
b. Potassium - 7x
c. Chloride- 1/2
d. Bicarbonate - 4x
d. Bicarbonate - 4x
Pyloric glands contain
A. Few parietal cells
B. No peptic cells
C. Mostly mucous cells
D. All of the above
C. Mostly mucous cells
To protect the pyloric mucosa
from stomach acid.
In the gastric phase of gastric secretion, once
food enters the stomach, which does it NOT
excite?
- Long vagovagal reflex
- Local enteric reflex
- Gastrin mechanism
- Pepsinogen production
Pepsinogen production
Describes about the pancreatic enzyme
stimulation
A. Cholecystokinin-large quantities of water and
electrolytes
B. Acetylcholine stimulates pancreatic enzymes
C. Secretin-small bicarbonate ions
D. All of the above
B. Acetylcholine stimulates pancreatic enzymes
A. Cholecystokinin-large quantities of water and
electrolytes
C. Secretin-small bicarbonate ions
Hydrolysis occurs when:
a. hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are
removed from monosaccharides
b. fat digestive enzymes returns 3 molecules of
water
c. hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions are
removed from the peptides
d. proteins are split to amino acids and glycerols
b. fat digestive enzymes returns 3 molecules of
water
True for protein digestion
a. Pepsin is most active at pH 5-6
b. Trypsin breaks down protein to amino
acid
- Forgot the others huhu. Basta both a and
b kay wrong
Feces contains:
A. 1/4 water
b. 3/4 solid matter
C. 30% dead bacteria
D. All of the choices
C. 30% dead bacteria
Feces contains:
¾ water
¼ Solid matter
30% dead bacteria
Immediate increase in pulmonary ventilation
upon going up high altitude causes
a. Increase in pco2
b. Decrease pH
c. Increase bicarbonates in CSF
d. Inhibition of brainstem respiratory reflex
D. Inhibition of brainstem
respiratory reflex
A man wants to go to NASA. He stayed in
space for months. Not a possible problem due
to decompression
A. Decreased cardiac output
B. Loss of calcium and phosphate
C. Decrease blood volume
D. Intracerebral rupture
D. Intracerebral rupture
Effect of negative G
1.Blackout of vision
2.Redout
3.Vertebral fracture
4.Hyperemia of the head
2,4
2.Redout
4.Hyperemia of the head
Chronic oxygen poisoning
1. Lung congestion
2. Pneumonia
3. Atelectasis
4. Pulmonary Edema
1,3,4
- Lung congestion
- Atelectasis
- Pulmonary Edema
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
1. The high oxygen… is used for clinical
conditions
2. Treatment for pulmonary hypertension
3. Stops infectious process
4. Uses unpressurized tank
1,2,3
- The high oxygen… is used for clinical
conditions - Treatment for pulmonary hypertension
- Stops infectious process
Majority of carbon dioxide
in blood is transported as
bicarbonate
Haldane effect is
A. Loading of CO2 and unloading
of O2
B. Loading of O2 and unloading of
CO2
C. Binding of CO2 in hemoglobin
displacing O2
D. Unbinding of CO2 only
B. Loading of O2 and
unloading of CO2
Most important gas for gas
alveolar ventilation
CO2
The increase in blood PCO2 will result in
A. Increase in pH
B. Sustained effect on
respiratory center
for days
C. Negative effect on
alveolar ventilation
D. Direct stimulation
of respiratory
center
D. Direct stimulation
of respiratory
center
True about the respiratory
layer during oxygen diffusion from
alveoli to RBC
A. Surfactant
layer→epithelial
layer→interstitial
space→capillary
membrane
B. Capillary endothelial
membrane→alveolar
membrane→interstitial
space→surfactant layer
C. Capillary endothelial
membrane→interstitial
space→alveolar
membrane→surfactant
layer
D. Surfactant
layer→alveolar
membrane→ interstitial
space→capillary
basement membrane
D. Surfactant
layer→alveolar
membrane→ interstitial
space→capillary
basement membrane
Effects of ventilation-perfusion
ratio on alveolar gas concentration
A. V/Q > normal creates a
physiologic shunt
B. V/Q equals infinity alveolar air
equals humidified inspired air
C. V/Q equals normal alveolar air
is in equilibrium to blood CO2 and
O2
D. COPD does not have an effect
on the physiologic dead space
B. V/Q equals infinity alveolar air
equals humidified inspired air
Oxygen concentration is
lowest in
A. Expired air
B. Alveolar air
C. Humidifier air
D. Atmospheric air
B. Alveolar air
Statement that does not
describe the “Law of the Gut”:
A. The myenteric plexus is
polarized in the orad direction
B. It is the peristaltic reflex plus the
anal direction of movement of the
peristalsis.
C. Begins with a contractile ring
causing peristalsis, normally
beginning on the orad side of the
distended segment
D. It can not occur in the absence
of the myenteric plexus
A. The myenteric plexus is
polarized in the orad direction
.NOT TRUE on “Mass
movement”
A. It is a modified peristalsis
B.
C. It persists 5-10 mins
D. It can occur 3 times a day for
15 mins an hour after breakfast
C. It persists 5-10 mins
NOT true about sympathetic
stimulation?
A. Dilates blood vessels
B. Stimulation slightly increase GI
secretions
C. Superimposed stimulation
causes decreased GI secretion if
the parasympathetic stimulation
occurs
D. Dual effect in GI secretion
A. Dilates blood vessels
. Which will NOT occur during normal quiet
respiration?
A. Contraction of the abdominal muscles
B. Downward movement of the ribs
C. Lung compression
D. Relaxation of the diaphragm
A. Contraction of the abdominal muscles
Not true about lung compliance
A. It is affected by elastic forces of the lungs
B. improves with presence of surfactant
C. Allows steady level of lung volume changes in
respiration
D. It is decreased in increased transpulmonary
pressure during respiration
D. It is decreased in
increased
transpulmonary
pressure during
respiration
The following will occur if surfactant is
removed from an alveolus:
A. Maintenance of alveolar radius
B. Increased respiratory effort
C. Reduced alveolar surface tension
D. Less attraction to water something thus
increasing air flow..
B. Increased
respiratory effor
In healthy individuals, the physiological dead
space is:
A. Equal to the anatomical dead space
B. Double the anatomical dead space
C. Half the anatomical dead space
D. Three times the anatomical dead space
A. Equal to the anatomical dead space
True about lung circulation
A. Pulmonary artery small diameter than wall
B. Bronchial low pressure, high flow
C. Pulmo artery pressure less compliance
B. Bronchial low pressure, high flow
Components of inspiratory capacity:
1 - Residual Volume
2 - Tidal Volume
3 - Expiratory
Reserve Volume
4 - Inspiratory
Reserve Volume
2 - Tidal Volume
4 - Inspiratory
Reserve Volume
Components of vital capacity:
1 - Residual Volume
2 - Tidal Volume
3 - Expiratory
Reserve Volume
4 - Inspiratory
Reserve Volume
2 - Tidal Volume
3 - Expiratory
Reserve Volume
4 - Inspiratory
Reserve Volume
True about the ventral respiratory group of
neurons
A. Actively participates in normal quiet
respiration
B. Electrical stimulation of the said neurons
causes inspiration and expiration
C. Controls the the depth of inspiration
D. Neutralizes low level of pulmonary
ventilation
B. Electrical stimulation of the said neurons
The ff. statements is/are true about
inspiration
A. There is a more negative pressure
observed in the pleura
B. Lung volume is at its highest at the first
C. Transpulmonary pressure is slightly lower
than during expiration
D. AOTA
A. There is a more negative pressure
observed in the pleura
