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HYDROLOGY > LE2 > Flashcards

LE2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Philippines receives an average of ____________. However, this amount is not evenly distributed over time and space.

A

2,360 mm of rainfall evert year

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2
Q

What is the average annual rainfall is approximately 2,360 mm. but this varies geographically from __________.

A

960 mm in southeast Mindanao to over 4,050 mm in central Luzon.

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3
Q

What type of Philippine’s Climate is two pronounced season: dry from November to April wet during the rest of the year.

A

Type 1

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4
Q

What type of Philippine’s Climate is No dry season with a very pronounced rainfall from November to January.

A

Type II

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5
Q

What type of Philippine’s Climate is Seasons are not very pronounced relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

A

Type III

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6
Q

What type of Philippine’s Climate is Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed through the year.

A

Type IV

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7
Q

Any product of condensation of atmospheric water vapor in the free air or at earth’s surface.

A

Hydrometer

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8
Q

Consists of tiny liquid water droplets, usually with diameters between 0.1 and 0.5 mm, has slow settling rate.

A

Drizzle or mist

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9
Q

Consists of liquid water drops mostly larger than 0.5 mm in diameter.

A

Rain

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10
Q

Ice coating formed on exposed surfaces by the freezing of supercooled water deposited by rain or drizzle.

A

Glaze

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11
Q

White opaque deposit of ice granules more or less separated by trapped air and formed by rapid freezing of supercooled water drops impinging on exposed objects.

A

Rime

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12
Q

Composed of ice crystals, chiefly in complex branched hexagonal form, and often agglomerated into snowflakes.

A

Snow

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13
Q

Precipitation in the form of balls of ice, produced in convective clouds.

A

Hail

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14
Q

Consists of transparent, globular, solid grains of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or refreezing or largely melted ice crystals falling through a layer subfreezing air near the earth’s surface.

A

Sleet

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15
Q

Caused by unequal heating of land masses.

A

Convective Lifting

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16
Q

Mechanical lifting over mountain barriers.

A

Orographic Lifting

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17
Q

Lifting of warm air on one side of a frontal surface over colder, denser air on the other side (front).

A

Frontal Lifting

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18
Q

Bounding surface between two distinct air masses.

A

Frontal Lifting

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19
Q

Lifting of air converging into a low-pressure area.

A

Cyclonical Lifting

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20
Q

Three (3) rainfall characteristics

A
  • Intensity
  • Duration
  • Frequency
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21
Q

It is expressed in mm/hr

A

Intensity

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22
Q

It is period within which magnitude of hydrologic event will be equaled or exceeded once in the average.

A

Frequency

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23
Q

It is 8” diameter standard rain gage – has a measuring tube 1/10 of the area of the collector.

A

Non-recording rain gage

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24
Q

It is accumulated rain

A

Weighing type

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25
Q

Rise of float with increasing catch of rainfall is recorded.

A

Float recording

26
Q

The Isohyetal method generally provides a more accurate representation of precipitation distribution, especially in regions with highly variable rainfall.

A

More Accurate than Thiessen Polygons

27
Q

It helps estimate precipitation over areas where rainfall stations are few, as long as there’s a reasonable distribution of stations.

A

Works Well with Sparse Data

28
Q

Unlike simple methods like Thiessen polygons, which assume a uniform distribution of rainfall within each polygon, the Isohyetal method allows for more detailed and realistic representation of rainfall gradients.

A

Provides Detailed Distribution

29
Q

The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

A

Infiltration

30
Q

Movement of water through the soil profile going to grounwater.

A

Percolation

31
Q

Infiltration per unit time; expressed in volume per unit time per unit area depth per unit time.

A

Infiltration rate

32
Q

Velocity of flow caused by a unit gradient; flow through soils in any direction.

A

Hydraulic conductivity

33
Q

Used interchangeably with hydraulic conuctivity.

A

Permeability

34
Q

The summation of the depth of water absorbed by a soil in a specified elapsed time in reference to the time of initial water application.

A

Cumulative infiltration

35
Q

The infiltrated water first meets the moisture deficiency if any excess water moved vertically downwards to reach the ground water table. the vertical water movement is called _________.

A

Percolation

36
Q

Often rich in humus and minerals

A

Topsoil (A horizon)

37
Q

Poor in humus, rich in minerals

A

Subsoil (B horizon)

38
Q

Little or no plant or animal life

A

Weathered rock fragments (C horizon)

39
Q

Infiltration is a primary method for replenishing groundwater supplies, which are crucial for drinking water, irrigation, and industrial use.

A

Groundwater Recharge

40
Q

By allowing water to enter the soil, infiltration reduces surface runoff, which can help prevent flooding and erosion.

A

Reducing Runoff

41
Q

Infiltration helps maintain soil moisture levels, supporting plant growth and sustaining ecosystems.

A

Supporting Ecosystems

42
Q

Other importance of soil infiltration:

A
  • Water Conservation
  • Reduced soil erosion by runoff
  • Irrigation (manner of application)
  • Critical and maximum depth determination in water reservoir design
43
Q

The larger the pore size and the greater the continuity of the pores, the greater is the infiltration rate.

A

Soil

44
Q

Formation of thin compact layer on the surface as a result of severe breakdown of soil structure caused by the beating action of raindrops and flow of water over the surface.

A

Surface sealing or Puddling of soil

45
Q

The clay surfaced soil are compacted even by the impact of rain drops which reduce infiltratoin.

A

Soil Characteristics / Compaction

46
Q

Clay has ______ and ______ slow infiltration compared to sand and gravely soil.

A

Low and Slow

47
Q

The more saturated the loose Earth material are, the less infiltratoin.

A

Soil’s degree of saturation

48
Q

Typically refers to the collection of standing water at the ground surface due to the presence of an impermeable layer within the soil.

A

Ponding

49
Q

The amount, intensity, and duration of precipitation significantly impact infiltration. Heavy, short-duration rainfall can lead to more runoff, while light, long duration rainfall allows more water to infiltrate.

A

Precipitation

50
Q

Vegetation and land use affect infiltration. Vegetated areas typically have higher infiltration rates due to root systems creating pathways for water.

A

Land Cover

51
Q

_______ vegetation, _______ infiltration

A

More ; Slower

52
Q

A portion of the stream flow that is not runoff; it is water from the ground, flowing into the channel over a long time and with a certain delay.

A

Base Flow

53
Q

Lateral movement of water

A

Base Flow

54
Q

Rivers near city has _______ baseflow because of impervious surface.

A

Low

55
Q

Steeper sloped tend to have higher runoff and lower infiltration rates compared to flat areas.

A

Slope of the land

56
Q

Chemicals that improve the soil structure hence increase infiltration ; other chemicals cause soil particles to swell and to become hydrophilic hence reduce infiltration.

A

Use of soil additives

57
Q

Water first enters the soil at the surface, influenced by gravity and capillary forces.

A

Surface Entry

58
Q

Water moves vertically and horizontally through soil layers, filling pore spaces and cracks.

A

Movement Through Soil

59
Q

Some infiltrated water reached deeper soil layers and recharges groundwater aquifers.

A

Recharge of Groundwater

60
Q

Involves direct measurement of water applied and water flowing from the field.

A

Direct Measurement

61
Q

Showed that when the rainfall rate i exceeds the infiltration rate f, water infiltrates the surface soils at a rate that generally decreases in time.

A

Horton (1933)

62
Q

The capacity decreases with time and ultimately reaches a constant rate, caused by filling of soil pores with water, which reduces capillary suntion.

A

Horton infiltration capacity curve

HYDROLOGY (3 decks)

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