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LE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The trachea of insects

A

are highly branched, coming into contact with almost every cell for gas exchange

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2
Q

The following are closely related with the supply of blood except

A

tracheal system of insects

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3
Q

Which of the following does NOT help to explain how deep-diving animals have evolved their respiratory systems?

A

extra large lungs

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4
Q

In mammals, this is the volume of air inhaled during each breath or normal breathing.

A

Tidal volume

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5
Q

What is the function of cilia in the trachea and bronchi?

A

sweep mucus with its trap particles up and out of the respiratory tract

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6
Q

When you hold your breath, the ____________ in the blood causes the urge breathe.

A

rising of CO2

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7
Q

Which one is true about has exchange?

A

A gas always undergoes net diffusion from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.

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8
Q

Which of the body systems participate in supplying the O2 and eliminating CO2?

  1. digestive system
  2. cardiovascular system
  3. urinary system
  4. respiratory system
  5. endocrine system
A

2, 4

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9
Q

In mammals, _______________ is where gas exchange takes place. _______________ diffuses through the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries, while _________________ diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space.

A

Alveoli, oxygen, carbon dioxide

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10
Q

In Avian breathing, tiny channels within the lungs called _________ serve as the sites of gas exchange. Passage of air through the entire system of lungs and air sacs requires _____ cycles of inhalation and exhalation.

A

parabronchi; two

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11
Q

Exercise causes people to breathe more quickly than they did previously because the blood contains

A

an increased level of carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Respiratory organs for insects, millipedes, and centipedes

A

tracheal tubes

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13
Q

During swallowing, the glottis is covered by

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces takes place by what process?

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

Which of the following does not contribute to accelerated breathing?

A

stretch receptor in the lungs

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16
Q

This statement best describe the human respiratory system

A

It is composed of a network of moist passageways that permit air to flow from the external environment to the lungs.

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17
Q

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia

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18
Q

Vertebrates that are isoosmotic with their surroundings.

A

osmoconformers

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19
Q

The proper order of the key events in urine formation

A

Filtration → reabsorption → secretion → excretion

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20
Q

The following are contained in the filtrate produced in the Bowman’s capsule

A

glucose
nitrogenous wastes
amino acids
salts

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21
Q

The true, or open, nephridium present in annelids and other mollusks.

A

Metanephridium

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22
Q

The main excretory organs of vertebrates that function in both excretion and osmoregulation.

A

Kidney

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23
Q

A clinical condition known as diabetes insipidus results in the production of large volume of dilute urine. Which of the following is consistent with this condition?

A

very low production of ADH

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24
Q

Transport epithelia are responsible for

A

the exchange of solutes for excretion or osmoregulation?

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25
The regulatory movement of solutes and water along a concentration gradient of one or more solutes across a plasma membrane.
Osmoregulation
26
Which organism should have the most juxtamedullary nephrons?
a mouse species living in the desert
27
The excretory system of which of the following is not properly paired?
earthworm-protonephridia
28
What is a normal response to increased blood osmolarity in humans?
In normal people, increased osmolality in the blood will stimulate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This will result in increased water reabsorption, more concentrated urine and less concentrated blood plasma.
29
Freshwater crustaceans typically have body fluids with a lower osmolarity than their closest marine crustacean relatives. Which of the following pertains to the advantages of lower body fluid osmolality in freshwater crustaceans?
a reduction in energy expenditures for osmoregulation
30
The key functions of the excretory system are the following except
synthesis
31
Marine invertebrates having salt- and water-permeable surfaces that maintain constant osmotic balance with their surrounding saltwater include
Osmotic regulators ?
32
The excretory organ of the flatworm is the
Protonephridium
33
The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
corresponds with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
34
A relatively higher amounts of LH and FSH occurs during
the period just before ovulation
35
Which of the following are the stem cells that give rise to sperm?
spermatogonia
36
In sequential hermaphroditism
some individuals may change from male to female?
37
Parthenogenesis occurs when a/an
egg develops without being fertilized
38
Which of the following has the least functional similarity between its male and female counterparts?
seminiferous tubules- vagina
39
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its function?
spermatheca- stores sperm in male honeybees
40
The difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that
the endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles
41
Which part of the male reproductive system is a reservoir for maturing sperm and is located over the lateral surface of each testicle?
Epididymis
42
A common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive system
cloaca
43
Sperm form in
Seminiferous tubules
44
It is a coiled tube carrying sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Vas deferens
45
Which of the following statements best describes hermaphroditism?
male and female reproductive systems are both present in the body
46
Which part of the male reproductive system is a storage site and pathway for sperm?
Vas deferens
47
The human penis contains the urethra as well as three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue.
True
48
From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, the sperm pass into the coiled duct of an epididymis.
True
49
In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share
Urethra
50
Which cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones (androgens) in a man?
Leydig cells
51
Which hormone is secreted by the testis?
Testosterone
52
Which part of the male reproductive system produces testosterone and sperm?
Testicles
53
Copulatory organ responsible for transfer of sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Penis
54
Accessory gland that secretes a clear mucus which helps in neutralizing acidic urine remaining in the urethra.
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
55
Sperms are temporarily kept in
Epididymis
56
Neurons can communicate by short electrical signals and long distance chemical signals
True
57
Which of the following pairing of synapse and its characteristic is correct?
Electrical synapse; gap junctions
58
An action potential is __________.
a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane
59
Ganglia are
Clusters of nerve cells
60
Schwann cells make up the
myelin sheath in axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
61
Which of the following statements is correct?
A neuron only has a single axon.
62
If your skin touches a hot surface and you suddenly pull back, you have experienced a reflex. What is the correct order of the information processing in this reflex?
Sensory input, integration, motor output
63
Forms the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain or ganglia. Responsible for the integration of sensory input.
Interneurons
64
An increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential
Hyperpolarization
65
Which of the following is a part or a function of the central nervous system?
Integration
66
Provides metabolic and structural support to the neurons
Glia
67
The part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body is called a
DENDRITES
68
A cone-shaped base of an axon.
AXON HILLOCK
69
The binding of neurotransmitter molecules to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane results in changes to the behavior of the postsynaptic cell.
True
70
Which of the following statements about the resting potential is true?
Inside the cell, the concentration of potassium is much higher than the concentration of sodium.
71
Increasing the levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the secretion of TRH and TSH. This can regulate the level of thyroxine in the blood. This statement is _______.
True
72
Local regulators which are produced throughout the body and have diverse functions. In the immune system, for example, it promotes inflammation and the sensation of pain in response to injury.
Prostaglandins
73
Hormones and neurotransmitters differ from each other in the sense that
Neurotransmitters are secreted chemicals that diffuse a short distance, whereas hormones travel through the bloodstream to the target cell.
74
Hormone that participates in regulation of biological rhythms.
Melatonin
75
Steroid and nonsteroid hormones differs from each other in the sense that
Steroid hormones inactivate genes; nonsteroid hormones directly activate genes.
76
How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary?
The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH
77
A cell releases a cytokine, which binds to and acts on a neighboring cell. This represents an example of __________.
Paracrine signalling
78
Which is a correct statement about prolactin?
Controls fat metabolism and reproduction in birds
79
This endocrine organ only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Posterior pituitary
80
The major tropic action of growth hormone is to signal the __________ to release __________.
Liver; insulin-like growth factors
81
The following hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland except;
Oxytocin
82
The mammary glands of a pregnant female will begin to produce milk in response to changes in the level of what hormone?
prolactin
83
In __________________, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells.
Paracrine signalling
84
Antidiuretic hormone can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the
Kidney
85
Hormone that stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells and can also modulates behavior.
oxytocin

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