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ZOOLFUN > LE 3 > Flashcards

LE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The trachea of insects

A

are highly branched, coming into contact with almost every cell for gas exchange

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2
Q

The following are closely related with the supply of blood except

A

tracheal system of insects

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3
Q

Which of the following does NOT help to explain how deep-diving animals have evolved their respiratory systems?

A

extra large lungs

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4
Q

In mammals, this is the volume of air inhaled during each breath or normal breathing.

A

Tidal volume

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5
Q

What is the function of cilia in the trachea and bronchi?

A

sweep mucus with its trap particles up and out of the respiratory tract

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6
Q

When you hold your breath, the ____________ in the blood causes the urge breathe.

A

rising of CO2

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7
Q

Which one is true about has exchange?

A

A gas always undergoes net diffusion from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.

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8
Q

Which of the body systems participate in supplying the O2 and eliminating CO2?

  1. digestive system
  2. cardiovascular system
  3. urinary system
  4. respiratory system
  5. endocrine system
A

2, 4

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9
Q

In mammals, _______________ is where gas exchange takes place. _______________ diffuses through the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries, while _________________ diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space.

A

Alveoli, oxygen, carbon dioxide

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10
Q

In Avian breathing, tiny channels within the lungs called _________ serve as the sites of gas exchange. Passage of air through the entire system of lungs and air sacs requires _____ cycles of inhalation and exhalation.

A

parabronchi; two

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11
Q

Exercise causes people to breathe more quickly than they did previously because the blood contains

A

an increased level of carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Respiratory organs for insects, millipedes, and centipedes

A

tracheal tubes

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13
Q

During swallowing, the glottis is covered by

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces takes place by what process?

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

Which of the following does not contribute to accelerated breathing?

A

stretch receptor in the lungs

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16
Q

This statement best describe the human respiratory system

A

It is composed of a network of moist passageways that permit air to flow from the external environment to the lungs.

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17
Q

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia

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18
Q

Vertebrates that are isoosmotic with their surroundings.

A

osmoconformers

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19
Q

The proper order of the key events in urine formation

A

Filtration → reabsorption → secretion → excretion

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20
Q

The following are contained in the filtrate produced in the Bowman’s capsule

A

glucose
nitrogenous wastes
amino acids
salts

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21
Q

The true, or open, nephridium present in annelids and other mollusks.

A

Metanephridium

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22
Q

The main excretory organs of vertebrates that function in both excretion and osmoregulation.

A

Kidney

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23
Q

A clinical condition known as diabetes insipidus results in the production of large volume of dilute urine. Which of the following is consistent with this condition?

A

very low production of ADH

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24
Q

Transport epithelia are responsible for

A

the exchange of solutes for excretion or osmoregulation?

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25
Q

The regulatory movement of solutes and water along a concentration gradient of one or more solutes across a plasma membrane.

A

Osmoregulation

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26
Q

Which organism should have the most juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

a mouse species living in the desert

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27
Q

The excretory system of which of the following is not properly paired?

A

earthworm-protonephridia

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28
Q

What is a normal response to increased blood osmolarity in humans?

A

In normal people, increased osmolality in the blood will stimulate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This will result in increased water reabsorption, more concentrated urine and less concentrated blood plasma.

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29
Q

Freshwater crustaceans typically have body fluids with a lower osmolarity than their closest marine crustacean relatives. Which of the following pertains to the advantages of lower body fluid osmolality in freshwater crustaceans?

A

a reduction in energy expenditures for osmoregulation

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30
Q

The key functions of the excretory system are the following except

A

synthesis

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31
Q

Marine invertebrates having salt- and water-permeable surfaces that maintain constant osmotic balance with their surrounding saltwater include

A

Osmotic regulators ?

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32
Q

The excretory organ of the flatworm is the

A

Protonephridium

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33
Q

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

corresponds with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

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34
Q

A relatively higher amounts of LH and FSH occurs during

A

the period just before ovulation

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35
Q

Which of the following are the stem cells that give rise to sperm?

A

spermatogonia

36
Q

In sequential hermaphroditism

A

some individuals may change from male to female?

37
Q

Parthenogenesis occurs when a/an

A

egg develops without being fertilized

38
Q

Which of the following has the least functional similarity between its male and female counterparts?

A

seminiferous tubules- vagina

39
Q

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its function?

A

spermatheca- stores sperm in male honeybees

40
Q

The difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that

A

the endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles

41
Q

Which part of the male reproductive system is a reservoir for maturing sperm and is located over the lateral surface of each testicle?

A

Epididymis

42
Q

A common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive system

A

cloaca

43
Q

Sperm form in

A

Seminiferous tubules

44
Q

It is a coiled tube carrying sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.

A

Vas deferens

45
Q

Which of the following statements best describes hermaphroditism?

A

male and female reproductive systems are both present in the body

46
Q

Which part of the male reproductive system is a storage site and pathway for sperm?

A

Vas deferens

47
Q

The human penis contains the urethra as well as three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue.

A

True

48
Q

From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, the sperm pass into the coiled duct of an epididymis.

A

True

49
Q

In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share

A

Urethra

50
Q

Which cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones (androgens) in a man?

A

Leydig cells

51
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the testis?

A

Testosterone

52
Q

Which part of the male reproductive system produces testosterone and sperm?

A

Testicles

53
Q

Copulatory organ responsible for transfer of sperm into the female reproductive tract.

A

Penis

54
Q

Accessory gland that secretes a clear mucus which helps in neutralizing acidic urine remaining in the urethra.

A

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND

55
Q

Sperms are temporarily kept in

A

Epididymis

56
Q

Neurons can communicate by short electrical signals and long distance chemical signals

A

True

57
Q

Which of the following pairing of synapse and its characteristic is correct?

A

Electrical synapse; gap junctions

58
Q

An action potential is __________.

A

a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane

59
Q

Ganglia are

A

Clusters of nerve cells

60
Q

Schwann cells make up the

A

myelin sheath in axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

61
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

A

A neuron only has a single axon.

62
Q

If your skin touches a hot surface and you suddenly pull back, you have experienced a reflex. What is the correct order of the information processing in this reflex?

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

63
Q

Forms the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain or ganglia. Responsible for the integration of sensory input.

A

Interneurons

64
Q

An increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential

A

Hyperpolarization

65
Q

Which of the following is a part or a function of the central nervous system?

A

Integration

66
Q

Provides metabolic and structural support to the neurons

A

Glia

67
Q

The part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body is called a

A

DENDRITES

68
Q

A cone-shaped base of an axon.

A

AXON HILLOCK

69
Q

The binding of neurotransmitter molecules to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane results in changes to the behavior of the postsynaptic cell.

A

True

70
Q

Which of the following statements about the resting potential is true?

A

Inside the cell, the concentration of potassium is much higher than the concentration of sodium.

71
Q

Increasing the levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the secretion of TRH and TSH. This can regulate the level of thyroxine in the blood. This statement is _______.

A

True

72
Q

Local regulators which are produced throughout the body and have diverse functions. In the immune system, for example, it promotes inflammation and the sensation of pain in response to injury.

A

Prostaglandins

73
Q

Hormones and neurotransmitters differ from each other in the sense that

A

Neurotransmitters are secreted chemicals that diffuse a short distance, whereas hormones travel through the bloodstream to the target cell.

74
Q

Hormone that participates in regulation of biological rhythms.

A

Melatonin

75
Q

Steroid and nonsteroid hormones differs from each other in the sense that

A

Steroid hormones inactivate genes; nonsteroid hormones directly activate genes.

76
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH

77
Q

A cell releases a cytokine, which binds to and acts on a neighboring cell. This represents an example of __________.

A

Paracrine signalling

78
Q

Which is a correct statement about prolactin?

A

Controls fat metabolism and reproduction in birds

79
Q

This endocrine organ only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A

Posterior pituitary

80
Q

The major tropic action of growth hormone is to signal the __________ to release __________.

A

Liver; insulin-like growth factors

81
Q

The following hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland except;

A

Oxytocin

82
Q

The mammary glands of a pregnant female will begin to produce milk in response to changes in the level of what hormone?

A

prolactin

83
Q

In __________________, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells.

A

Paracrine signalling

84
Q

Antidiuretic hormone can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the

A

Kidney

85
Q

Hormone that stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells and can also modulates behavior.

A

oxytocin

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