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ZOOLFUN > LE 1 > Flashcards

LE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The best method for determining whether rice plants require sodium is to

A

grow bean plants with and without sodium

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2
Q

With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________.

A

descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection

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3
Q

The accumulation of differences between species or populations is called

A

divergence

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4
Q

A hypothesis must be testable to be scientifically valid. Being testable for being true or false means that __________.

A

some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is incorrect

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5
Q

Forelimbs of vertebrates would be considered

A

homologous structures

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6
Q

The process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment is known as

A

adaptation

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7
Q

Natural selection is the process by which

A

organisms with traits well-suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than less well-adapted organisms in the same environment

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8
Q

Evolution tends to act at

A

Population level

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9
Q

Which of the following is an attribute of living things?

A

They must be capable of acquiring adaptations through evolution.

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10
Q

In doing biochemical analysis to study evolution of organisms, a molecular clock is used to describe:

A

that many difference in a protein sequence indicate a great amount of time since divergence from a common ancestor

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11
Q

Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio

A

decreases

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12
Q

A cell biologist treats a cell so that oxygen cannot diffuse across the membrane. Which organelle will be directly affected?

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

The arrangement of the outer and central microtubules in a cilium is called the…

A

9 + 2

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14
Q

Which of the following is a type of intercellular junction in animal cells?

A

Desmosome

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15
Q

Where are proteins that are used outside the cell synthesized?

A

In the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes

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17
Q

Alcohol consumption adversely affects the digestion of proteins within liver cells, which can eventually lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected?

A

lysosome

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18
Q

An organelle responsible for cellular digestion.

A

lysosome

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19
Q

An organelle responsible for sorting and packaging of secretory products in vesicles.

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

Cell membrane carbohydrates participate in

A

Cell-to-cell communication

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21
Q

Which of the following cellular organelles breaks down complex macromolecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins.

A

Lysosome

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22
Q

Which of the following is the simplest collection of matter that can live?

A

cell

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23
Q

A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should she choose and why is it the best choice?

A

light microscope, because the specimen is alive

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24
Q

Which of the following molecules moves regularly from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

A

RNA

25
Q

Structure in the nucleus that contains the units of heredity.

A

Chromosomes

26
Q

Which of the following happens as electrons pass down the electron transport chain?

A

Energy from the moving electrons transports H+ ions into the intermembrane space.

27
Q

The sodium concentration in a cell is 10 times less than the concentration in the sorrounding fluid. How can the cell move sodium out of the cell?

A

active transport

28
Q

If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by

A

Fermentation

29
Q

What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

oxygen

30
Q

ATP is a compound that is synthesized when

A

energy stored in chemical bonds is released during cellular respiration

31
Q

Which high-energy electron carrier is regenerated during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make ATP using glycolysis?

A

NAD+

32
Q

In heterotrophs, energy for the life processes comes from the chemical energy stored in the bonds of

A

organic compounds

33
Q

In what way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

A

They both involve organic and inorganic molecules.

34
Q

Facilitated diffusion across a membrane requires __________ and moves a solute ___________ its concentration gradient

A

transport proteins……down

35
Q

Where do the carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up following the Krebs cycle?

A

They become part of a carbon dioxide molecule and end up in the atmosphere

36
Q

Which best describes the structure of a cell membrane?

A

proteins embedded in a bilayer of phospholipids

37
Q

A cell in the G0 stage _____.

A

is no longer dividing

38
Q

Which of the following characteristics is common to species that reproduce sexually?

A

Meiosis

39
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____.

A

Meiosis I

40
Q

Organized by the centrioles, what structures are important in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?

A

spindle fibers

41
Q

A horse has 2n = 64, whereas a donkey has 2n = 62. How many chromosomes does a mule (the offspring of a horse×donkey cross) have?

A

2n = 63

42
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a recessive X-linked allele. A man with this disorder _____.

A

must have inherited it from his mother

43
Q

Nondisjunction in the first meiotic division in a human male could result at fertilization in _____

A

Turner syndrome

44
Q

In a plant species, if the B allele (blue flowers) and the b allele (white flowers) are incompletely dominant (Bb is light blue), what offspring ratio is expected in a cross between a blue-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant?

A

All light blue

45
Q

Which statement best describes human sex determination?

A

Individuals with a Y chromosome are male.

46
Q

In modern terminology, what are the “unit factors” Mendel refers: Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms as ______?

A

Alleles

47
Q

The presence of more than two alternative forms of a given gene would be called ___.

A

Multiple alleles

48
Q

If the green pea pod allele (G) is dominant to the yellow allele (g), a cross between two heterozygous plants would be expected to produce _____ plants.

A

3/4 green and 1/4 yellow

49
Q

In a cross between two individuals BbGG × Bbgg, what ratio of phenotypes would be expected in the offspring if the two genes show independent assortment?

A

3:1

50
Q

During the elongation phase of translation, charged tRNAs enter the ribosome at the _____.

A

A site

51
Q

Which of the following is not consistent with Erwin Chargaff’s findings?

A

(C + G) = (A + T)

52
Q

If Hershey and Chase had used a phage that completely entered the cell (protein coat and all) instead of injecting its DNA, what conclusion would they have drawn; from their experiment?

A

They would not have been able to tell whether DNA or proteins were the genetic material.

53
Q

In the flow of information, transcription is _____.

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

54
Q

Any molecule that serves as the genetic material must have the following characteristics except _____.

A

the ability to directly influence the development of traits

55
Q

The zebrafish is found to have ~19% guanine in its DNA. How much adenine would you expect?

A

31%

56
Q

Which of the following categories of mutations is not passed to offspring?

A

Somatic

57
Q

While there are several mutations that give rise to cystic fibrosis, a common one is a three-base-pair deletion corresponding to position 508 of the CFTR protein. This would result in _____.

A

the deletion of a single amino acid in the protein

58
Q

Which of the following is not included in the Watson–Crick model of DNA structure?

A

The strands run parallel.

ZOOLFUN (4 decks)

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