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kolokwium > law and politics (lectures) > Flashcards

law and politics (lectures) Flashcards

1
Q

definition of the state

A
  • no consensus really
  • apparatus of rule government within a particular geographical area
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2
Q

theistic genesis of the state

A
  • belief that government and its authority are derived
    from higher power
  • the kind ruled by mandate from the gods
  • he was seen as an intermediary between human beings
    and the divine
  • was supposed to represent gods will
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3
Q

concepts of social contract(
Thomas Hobbes)

A
  • lived during the English civil war
  • rejects the theory of the theistic genesis
  • also rejects the early democratic view
  • power ought to be shared between parliament and the kind
  • was a supporter of absolutism, individualism, materialism
  • social contrat for self-presentation, individuals surrender some freedoms for security and order
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4
Q

concepts of social contract(Jean-Jacques Rousseasu)

A
  • 18th century philosopher
  • “the social contract” 1762-outline of his ideas, life’s work
  • individuals entering into collective agreement to form a
    society
    General will > individual desire
  • concepts influenced political thought that shaped on discussion on:
    . Democracy
    . Governance
    . Individual - state relationship
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5
Q

concepts of social contract(John Locke)

A
  • 17th century philosopher
  • protection pf natural rights, limited government, the
    right to revolution consent of the governed
  • Pressure on natural rights: right to life, liberty and property
  • the purpose of government is to safeguard natural rights and maintain order, not to infringe upon individual liberties
  • introduces the idea of right to revolution
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6
Q

theoretical creation of the states:

A
  • divine mandate - governance sanctioned by higher power
  • contractual agreements - individuals form a
    community and agree to a set of rules
  • governance evolving from social needs - governing structures develop in response to the practical
    requirements of societ
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7
Q

historical creation of the states:

A

historically, states emerged through processes like conquest, consolation or social negotiations

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8
Q

revolution - the state and society

A

revolutions mark significant societal upheavals, ofte leading to the restriction of the state

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9
Q

Ludwik Glumpowiez

A
  • force/ violence theory
  • state is organised based on the outcomes of the conflict
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10
Q

Karl Marks - ideology that revolutionised the social division

A

a class is defined by the ownership of the property
* classes of society in relation to property:
Class struggle -> structural change
* class interest: the force transforming latent class membership into a struggle of classes
* proletarian revolution concept: division between classes will widen and the condition of the exploited worker will deteriorate so badly, the social structure will collapse

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11
Q

the Precariat - a new social group

A

introduced by G.Standing
* a class characterised by economic insecurity “Old working
class” and lack of stable employmentg
* factions of the precariat:
- atavists: feeling deprived of real or imagined past (rightists)
- nostalgics: ,mainly immigrants and minorities, who feel
deprived of present times, have, belonging
- progressives: people who go to collage, promised by others that it’ll grant them a career, then realise they
possibly can come out without future and with debt

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12
Q

Form of governmen

A

Different forms of government (monarchy, republics, etc) reflect the diverse ways society organise and distribute political power. These structures may evolve over time and can exhibit various degrees of centralisation, representation and citizen involvement

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13
Q

monarchy

A

form of goverment where a single individual (often
monarch, king/queen) holds supreme authority and typically inherits the position

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14
Q

monarchy - the evolution of the concept

A
  • evolution of the concept:
  • absolute monarch: the monarch has unchallenged
    power and authority
  • constitutional monarchy: the monarchs power are
    limited by a constitution and there may be elected parliament
  • evolution: trend in transformation from absolute to constitutional example :
    transformation of British empire to the Commonwealth of Nations
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15
Q

republic

A

form of government where political authority is held by elected representatives, and three no monarch

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16
Q

republic - Key features

A
  • elected representatives: leaders are chosen through
    democratic processes
  • rule of law: governance is guided by a constitution
    or self laws
  • separation powers: typically, power is distributed
    among different branches of government
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17
Q

Types of republics

A
  • federal republic: constitutional division of power (USA,
    Russia, Germany)
  • unitary republic: power concentrated at the national
    level (France, Italy)
  • parliamentary republic: run by parliamentary system
    (India)
  • presidential republic: government ruled by president
    (Algeria)
  • theocratic republic: government based pn religious
    principles (Iran, Pakistan)
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18
Q

Anarchy

A

absence of formal government or authority; a state of disorder
- example : rather theoretical concept, certain periods during Russian Revolution

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19
Q

Dictatorship

A

power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or
a small group, often without constitution constrains
- example : North Korea (Kim Jong-Un holds power)

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20
Q

Junta

A

military or political group that seizes power typically
through a coup d’etat, and rules a country for limited period until civil order is resorted
- example : Myanmar (multiple), Egypt in 2013

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21
Q

Oligarchy

A

Power is concentrated in the hands of small privileged
group or social class
- example : Ancient Greek city-states, certain corporate oligarchies

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22
Q

Direct Democracy

A

citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their
behalf
- examples : USA, UK, Poland

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23
Q

Theocracy

A

government is based on religious authority and religious leader holds power
- examples : Iran (considered a modern theocracy)

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24
Q

Political Regime

A

Set of rules, procedures and understandings which govern relations between the state and society

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25
Q

Democratic regime

A

-> political system where power is given in hands of th epoeople, who either directly participate in decision- making process or elect representatives to govern on their behalf

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26
Q

Democratic regime - Features

A
  • protection of individuals rights
  • rule of law
  • regular elections
  • pluralistic political process
    Examples : The United States, Germany, Poland, Indi
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27
Q

democratic political culture

A

perception of leadership : promotion of the population that
desires a strong leader who bypass parliament and elections

> perceptions of rule by experts or technocratic given :
population that would prefer rule by experts or technocrats

-> proportion of the population that would prefer military ruler : pereceptions of military rule

> Perception of democracy & economic system: believes that democracy benefits from economic performance strong tradition of separation of church & state

->perception of democracy & public order: believes that democracies are not good at maintaining public order

28
Q

democracy index

A

Provides a Tod for asserting the level of democratic governance in countries around the world, offering insight into the functioning of political system & the protection of individual rights and freedoms

29
Q

democracy index -> factors taken into account

A
  • electoral processes & dualism
  • political participation
  • functioning of the government
  • political culture
  • civil liberties
    -> it offers comprehensive view of the health of democratic governance globally
30
Q

Authoritarian regime

A

political system characterised by a concentration of power in
the hands of a single leader or a small group, with limited political freedoms and minimal political pluralism

31
Q

Authoritarian regime - features

A
  • centralised authority
  • limited political freedoms
  • minimal political pluralism
    Example : China under Chinese communist Party
32
Q
  • Juan J. Linz “Totalitarian & authoritarian regimes” division
A
  • bureaucratic-military authoritarian regime - Egypt (his)
  • authoritarian corporatism - North Korea, Cuba
  • mobilising authoritarian regime - Belarus
  • postcolonial authoritarian regime - Zimbabwe, Haiti
  • racial & ethnic “democracies” - Myanmar
  • incomplete totalitarian & pre-totalitarian regime - Russia
  • post-totalitarian authoritarian regime - China
33
Q

totalitarian regime

A

Highly centralised political system where the states seeks to control all aspects of public and private life, often with an ideology or leader at the guiding force

34
Q

totalitarian regime - features

A
  • extreme control over information
  • extensive state surveillance
  • suppression of the dissent
  • pervasive influence on cultural, social & economic aspects
  • supplementing of all political institutions with new ones
  • sweeping away of all legal, social, political trraditions
  • the pursue of special goal such as individualisation or conquest
  • participation in approved public organisations encouraged, later required
  • completely isolating individuals && demanding total, unconditional loyalty
  • only real goal is to sustain its own existence
  • différent messages crafted for différent audiences
  • regular violent turnover of the whole gigantic administrative machine
35
Q

Parliamentary system

A

System where executive branch derives its legitimacy &
authority from the legislative branch (parliament)

36
Q

Parliamentary system - features

A
  • head of government (prime minister) is typically the leader of
    the majority party in the parliament.
  • head of state may be a separate ceremonial figure (monarch or
    president)
  • government stability depends on parliament support
  • the party(or coalition) with greatest representation form a
    government
  • executive functions are appointed by PM to members
  • PM may be removed when they don’t have majority’s confidence
  • laws are made by majority vote & signed by the head o estate
    without veto power Examples : Germany.
37
Q

Presidential system

A

Where president is both the head os the state and head of government, elected separately from legislature

38
Q

Presidential system - features

A
  • clear separation of powers between the executive and legislative
    branches
  • fixed terms for the president and the legislature
  • president is independent of the legislative & the judicial
    branches of the government
    Example : United States, Brazil
39
Q

Independent constitutional process

A

Used to remove a public official, such as the president or
other high ranking official from office

40
Q

president can be impeached for:

A
  1. treason
  2. bribery
  3. high crimes
  4. misdemeanours
41
Q

powers of the president

A
  1. legislative
  2. finical
  3. appointment
  4. treaty-making
  5. war-making
42
Q

semi-presidential system

A

hybrid system combining elements of parliamentary and presidential system

43
Q

semi-presidential system - features

A
  • president is head of the state, prime minister a head of
    government
  • separation of powers, but the presidential powers may vary
    Example : France, Russia
44
Q

premier-presidential

A
  • president is elected by popular vote for a fixed term in office
  • president selects the prime minister who heads the cabinet
  • authority to dismiss the cabinet rests exclusively with the parliament
45
Q

President-parilamentary

A
  • president elected by popular vote for fixed term in office
  • president appoints and dismisses the prime minister and other cabinets ministers
  • PM & cabinet ministers are objected to both parliament & presidential confidence
46
Q

super presidential system

A

president holds extensive powers, often greater than usual

47
Q

super presidential system - features

A
  • president may have significant control over legislative proce
  • limited checks and balances
    Example : Kazakhstan
48
Q

chancellor democracy - features

A
  • chancellor is responsible for executive functions
  • head of state may have ceremonial role
    Example : Germany
49
Q

one-party system

A

political system where only one political party is allowed to exist & hold power
-> features :
* limited political competition
* lack of pluralism and opposition parties
Example : China (Chinese Communist Party)

50
Q

Two-party system

A

Political system dominated by 2 major political parties that compete for control of government
-> features :
* stable & alternating government between two major parties
* limited representation of smaller parties
Example : United States (Democrats & Republicans)

51
Q

two-and-a half party system

A

2 major parts dominate, but a 3rd party or independent
candidates have a significant influence or presence -> features :
* small parties can influence politics without completely
dominating
Example : UK (Conservative, Labor + Liberal Democrats)

52
Q

multi-part system

A

Multiple parties that have the potential to gain control
-> features :
* greater diversity of political opinions and representation
* coalitions or alliances are often formed to create majority of
governments
Example : Germany ( CDU, SPD, Greens, etc)

53
Q

multi-party cooperation system

A

Multiple parties cooperate closely, forming alliances or coalitions without losing their individual identities
-> features :
* parties may work together on common goals without merging
* coalition governments are common and parties may collaborate
specific issues
Examples : Sweden or Denmark

54
Q

organisation of parties

A
  1. cadre parties
  2. mass parties
  3. catch-all parties
55
Q

cadre parties

A

leadership : led by small, dedicated group of political or cadres membership : exclusive and often limited to those committees to party ideology or goals
structure : centralised decision making & hierarchical structure
focus : emphasis on ideological party & commitment example : some Communist parties

56
Q

mass parties

A

membership : open to broad range of people, including ordinary citizens
participation : members actively participate in party activities, grassroots involvement
structure : more decentralisation with focus on broad representation
focus : often aligned with social movements & broader societal issues
example : Social Democratic parties in Europe, emphasising broad social representations

57
Q

catch-all parties

A

strategy : appeal to wide spectrum of voters rather than a
specific ideological or social group
flexibility : adapts policies & messages to maximise voter appeal
centrist approach : often itself as a centrists party to attract a
diverse voter base
focus : emphasis on winning elections and gaining popular support
example : Centrist parties (Liberal Party in Canada, CDU in
Germany)

58
Q

finical regulations

A

Ensure transparency, fairness & prevention of corruption. Prohibited sources & limits on donations maintain the integrity of political systems

59
Q

direct public founding

A
  • finical support directly from government
  • ensures finical transparency = reduces dependance on private
    interest
    Example : public subsidies for campaign expenses or optional costs
60
Q

indirect public founding

A
  • assistance through services or resources provided by
    government(free media)
  • enhances fairness & equal opportunities for all parties
    Example : access to state-owned media for election-related coverage
61
Q

private founding

A
  • finical contributions from private individuals, corporations or interest groups
  • supplements public + engages broader range for supporters
62
Q

prohibited sources of funds

A
  • prevents corruption, undue influence or conflicts of intrest
    Example : foreign contributions, funds from illegal activities
63
Q

Limits on donation

A
  • aims to prevent the undue influence of wealth donors & maintain
    fairness
    Example : contribution limits per individual or organization
64
Q

electoral systems

A
  • influences the structure of the party system
  • majority (first past the post and absolute majority) * proportional
65
Q

types of parties

A

-> christian democracy party
-> conservative parties
-> regional parties
-> ethnic parties
-> populist party

66
Q

populist parties

A
  • radical left- wing populism
  • Radical right- wing populism
  • Liberal populism
  • Anti- establishment populism

kolokwium (5 decks)

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