Latin America

Question 1

Columbian exchange

Answer 1

The post-1492 era. There was a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (slaves), disease and ideas between the American and Afro- Euroasian hemispheres following Columbus voyages to the Americas

Question 2

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Answer 2

division of the World between the Portuguese and the
Spanish. West was claimed to be Spanish and east Portugal.

Question 3

Encomienda

Answer 3

It was a spanish labour system. The Encomienda was a system where settlers were granted the legal right to extract forced labour from indigenous tribal chiefs in the Americas colonies of the Spanish Empire. In return, the Europeans were expected to give military protection to the labourers. It rewarded conquerors with the labour of particular groups of subject people. The encomienda was essential to the Spanish crown’s sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization.Encomieda aimed to meet the agricultural needs of the Spanish Crown, in Peru it was quickly adapted tp the emerging mining economy, due to vast gold and silver resources.

Question 4

Mita

Answer 4

Mita was a tax paid in labor whereby all citizens between 15 and 50 years old provided communal labor for the maintenance of the Empire. Tribute paid in for of communal labour. This system was already in place before the Spanish arrival. No salary was associated with fullfilling mita obligations, the governannt provided food and shelter to all performing communal tasks.

Question 5

pre-cabral era

Answer 5

pre-columbian South America

Question 6

feitorias

Answer 6

A Portuguese trading post, usually fortified and built in coastal areas. It served simultaneously as market, warehouse, navigation support and customs, and was governed by a feitor (factor) to dominate the local trade with the Portuguese kingdom.

Question 7

system of captaincies

Answer 7

The Captain-major had to find villages, distribute land to the ones wanting to cultivate it – sesmarias – and build mills (engenhos). The grantee exercised full authority in the judicial and administrative field to appoint officials and enforce justice, and could even enact the death penalty for slaves, natives, and free men.(Brazil)

Question 8

sesmarias

Answer 8

Lifetime concession of undeveloped land to private citizens. The sesmeiros – someone who has been granted a sesmaria – were expected to incur all financial responsibilities associated with developing the land, costs and profits alike. In Latin America the sesmarias were hereditary.

Question 9

Capitan-major

Answer 9

An individual resposible for a Captaincy. Every Capitan-major was awarded a sesmaria. Part of his responsibilities was to grant sesmarias to other settlers, who were interested in becoming farmers in the New World.

Question 10

Engenhos

Answer 10

sugar cane mills and all of the facilities surrounding them

Question 11

Triangular Trade

Answer 11

Failure to obtain indigenous enslavement forced Portuguese colonial authorities to look overseas to meet its labor demands. Goods from Europe to West Africa, to be exchanged for slaves, slaves shipeped to the Americas, exchanged for comodities, shipped back to Europe

Question 12

Atlantic slave trade

Answer 12

Brazil was the single biggest receiving country, the Caribbean was the biggest receiving region, West Central Africa was the biggest sending region.

Question 13

Governor General

Answer 13

(Portugal) Established after 15 years of Captaincy system, Governor General overpowered the Capitain-majors and responded directly to the King of Portugal. The Governor General had direct authority over the constituent royal captaincies.