Later Foreign policy

Question 1

Defensive alliance between France and England

Answer 1

• 1532

- This was unsuccessful as little pressure was put on the HRE/Spain + a trade embargo had little impact

Question 2

Break with Rome

Answer 2

• 1533

- Catholic countries then became enemies and there was the threat of invasion based on religion

Question 3

Fitzgerald Rebellion

Answer 3

• 1534

- This was an expensive nuisance and it required

Question 4

Fear of anti-English crusade

Answer 4

• 1539

- HVIII married Anne of Cleves to establish an ally with the League of Schmalkhalden

Question 5

Peace between France, HRE and Spain

Answer 5

• 1538

- Resulted in both severing connections with England leaving it isolated

Question 6

Gaelic invasion of the pale

Answer 6

• 1539
• HVIII eventually regained control and tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as its own Kingdom, enforcing English law and giving Gaelic lords equal rights to their English counterparts
• but the relationship was tense due to religious differences

Question 7

Invasion of Scotland

Answer 7

• 1542
• Battle of Solway Moss
• Resulted in James V dying shortly after + few week of MQS was on the throne
• However HVIII failed to capitalise and turned his attention to France
• The Scottish policy became known as rough wooing

Question 8

Treaty of Greenwich

Answer 8

• 1543 but never ratified
• Sought to betroth Mary and Edward
• However there was strong opposition for instance the English ambassador warned of suspicion of English intentions and the Scottish parliament refused to ratify it so a raid was carried out by England

Question 9

Invasion of France and aftermath

Answer 9

• 1544
• A lack of tactics but successfully captured Boulogne
• 1545 : Francis I sent troops to Scotland for a possible invasion, England were defeated at Ancrum Moor, the Mary Rose sunk and a French force landed on the isle of white

Question 10

Peace with France

Answer 10

• 1546
• Neither side could afford to continue the conflict
• French didn’t regain Boulogne
• HVIII paid a heavy price for the final conflict and resulted in inflation and extra ordinary revenue

Question 11

What caused an issue with Europe ?

Answer 11

• HVIII wanting to solve his ‘great matter’ resulted in HVIII becoming an object of suspicion for the whole of Catholic Europe

Question 12

Treaty of Amiens

Answer 12

• Anti-imperial alliance with the French
• 1527
• Wolsey sought to pressurise Charles with a trade embargo but Charles’ retaliation caused widespread unemployment and social issues in England so Wolsey had to backdown

Question 13

How did Charles V prevent HVIII’s divorce ?

Answer 13

• nephew of CoA and reinforced his view of family honour
• Peace of Cambrai in 1529 = reinforced the papal’s political dependence on Charles
• led to the fall of Wolsey as he was unable to secure a divorce

Question 14

What was caused in 1539 ?

Answer 14

• Fears of invasion of England as the pope attempted to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade

Question 15

How was HVIII unsuccessful in 1532 ?

Answer 15

• Alliance with France but both were fragile

- This unraveled as Francis sought an alliance between his son and the Pope’s niece

Question 16

How was the pressure on England eased in 1536 ?

Answer 16

• Death of CoA and Anne Boleyn and opened up the possibility of a renewed alliance with the Emperor
• Renewal pf fighting between Francis and Charles reduced the threat of England’s isolated position

Question 17

What happened in 1538 regarding the Pope ?

Answer 17

• Issued a bull disposing HVIII and therefore absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler

Question 18

How were the final years of HVIII’ reign different ?

Answer 18

• return to his aggressive FP which had been subdued in the 1530’s as his aim was minimise threat from foreign powers after the break from Rome

Question 19

When and what were the succession acts ?

Answer 19

• 1534 : declared Liz and heir presumptive and Mary as illegitimate
• 1536 : declared Liz illegitimate and HVIII could determine the succession by will
• 1544 : Reinstated Mary and Elizabeth in to succession
• 1546 : HVIII reaffirmed the 1544 succession act with Edward, Mary and then Elizabeth