Later Foreign policy Flashcards
Defensive alliance between France and England
- 1532
- This was unsuccessful as little pressure was put on the HRE/Spain + a trade embargo had little impact
Break with Rome
- 1533
- Catholic countries then became enemies and there was the threat of invasion based on religion
Fitzgerald Rebellion
- 1534
- This was an expensive nuisance and it required
Fear of anti-English crusade
- 1539
- HVIII married Anne of Cleves to establish an ally with the League of Schmalkhalden
Peace between France, HRE and Spain
- 1538
- Resulted in both severing connections with England leaving it isolated
Gaelic invasion of the pale
- 1539
- HVIII eventually regained control and tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as its own Kingdom, enforcing English law and giving Gaelic lords equal rights to their English counterparts
- but the relationship was tense due to religious differences
Invasion of Scotland
- 1542
- Battle of Solway Moss
- Resulted in James V dying shortly after + few week of MQS was on the throne
- However HVIII failed to capitalise and turned his attention to France
- The Scottish policy became known as rough wooing
Treaty of Greenwich
- 1543 but never ratified
- Sought to betroth Mary and Edward
- However there was strong opposition for instance the English ambassador warned of suspicion of English intentions and the Scottish parliament refused to ratify it so a raid was carried out by England
Invasion of France and aftermath
- 1544
- A lack of tactics but successfully captured Boulogne
- 1545 : Francis I sent troops to Scotland for a possible invasion, England were defeated at Ancrum Moor, the Mary Rose sunk and a French force landed on the isle of white
Peace with France
- 1546
- Neither side could afford to continue the conflict
- French didn’t regain Boulogne
- HVIII paid a heavy price for the final conflict and resulted in inflation and extra ordinary revenue
What caused an issue with Europe ?
- HVIII wanting to solve his ‘great matter’ resulted in HVIII becoming an object of suspicion for the whole of Catholic Europe
Treaty of Amiens
- Anti-imperial alliance with the French
- 1527
- Wolsey sought to pressurise Charles with a trade embargo but Charles’ retaliation caused widespread unemployment and social issues in England so Wolsey had to backdown
How did Charles V prevent HVIII’s divorce ?
- nephew of CoA and reinforced his view of family honour
- Peace of Cambrai in 1529 = reinforced the papal’s political dependence on Charles
- led to the fall of Wolsey as he was unable to secure a divorce
What was caused in 1539 ?
- Fears of invasion of England as the pope attempted to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade
How was HVIII unsuccessful in 1532 ?
- Alliance with France but both were fragile
- This unraveled as Francis sought an alliance between his son and the Pope’s niece
How was the pressure on England eased in 1536 ?
- Death of CoA and Anne Boleyn and opened up the possibility of a renewed alliance with the Emperor
- Renewal pf fighting between Francis and Charles reduced the threat of England’s isolated position
What happened in 1538 regarding the Pope ?
- Issued a bull disposing HVIII and therefore absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler
How were the final years of HVIII’ reign different ?
- return to his aggressive FP which had been subdued in the 1530’s as his aim was minimise threat from foreign powers after the break from Rome
When and what were the succession acts ?
- 1534 : declared Liz and heir presumptive and Mary as illegitimate
- 1536 : declared Liz illegitimate and HVIII could determine the succession by will
- 1544 : Reinstated Mary and Elizabeth in to succession
- 1546 : HVIII reaffirmed the 1544 succession act with Edward, Mary and then Elizabeth
